Getting Up to Speed with The Six-Minute Solution

1. Getting Up to Speed withTheSix-Minute Solution • A research-based reading fluency program • Available in three levels : • Primary (K-2) • Intermediate (3-6) • Secondary (6-9) Gail N. Adams gail@gailadamsreading.com

2. The Six-Minute Solution • Based on the repeated reading and peer assisted learning research. • Takes only 6 minutes of the instructional period once students are trained in the procedure. • Partners read a passage or fluency building sheet to each other • Get peer feedback • Record timings

3. What is Reading Fluency? The ability to read text : Accurately, Quickly & With Expression

4. Measuring Reading Fluency the number of words in text read correctly per minute ORALLY or… letters, sounds, words

5. Curriculum-Based Norms in Oral Reading Fluency *WCPM = Words Correct Per Minute Hasbrouck, J. & Tindal, G. (2005). Oral Reading Fluency: 90 Years of Measurement (Tech. Rep. No. 33). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon, College of Education, Behavioral Research and Teaching.

6. Fluency is directly related to reading comprehension. independent reading. work completion.

7. Utilize Repeated Reading Activities • The Report of the National Reading Panel found that the following techniques to be highly effective in developing reading fluency: • Having students read and reread text three to five times or until a certain level of fluency is reached. • Using audiotapes, tutors or peers for repeated reading practice. • Giving feedback to guide the reader’s performance

8. Time Materials Procedures 1 minute • Timer for the teacher • 1 portfolio for each set of student partners that contains : • 2 copies of the same level of grade level passages in plastic sleeves or laminated • 2 copies of the fluency record or fluency graph • 1 marking pen & cloth in a plastic bag • Get Ready • Teacher announces it is time for fluency practice. • Student partners remove fluency materials from the partnership’s portfolio. • Partners record date on their respective record sheets • Teacher monitors to ensure students are ready to begin their timings 1 minute • Partner 1 Reads • Teacher sets timer & says, “Begin” • Partner 1 reads until the timer sounds. • Partner 2 marks Partner 1 reading errors and stopping point on his/her copy of the Practice Passage. Six-Minute Solution Instructional Format Can be found on page 1 in the Book.

9. 1 minute • Partner 2 Gives Feedback • Partner 2 tells Partner 1 how many words he/she read the number of errors he/she made and does the error-correction procedure., • Partner 1 records the numbers on his/her record sheet • Partner 2 wipes off the marking on his/her passage & gives marking pen to Partner 1. 1 minute • Partner 2 Reads • Teacher again sets timer & says, “Begin.” • Partner 2 reads the same passage to Partner 1. Partner 1 records errors & stopping point on his/her copy of passage. 1 minute • Partner 1 Gives Feedback • Partner 1 tells Partner 2 how many words he/she read, the number of errors he/she made, and does the error error correction procedure. • Partner 2 records the numbers on his/her record sheet • Partner 1 wipes off the markings on his/her passage & returns the marking pen & cloth to the plastic bag. 1 minute • Students Put Away Materials • One partner returns the copies of the passages, recording sheets, dry-erase marker and erasing cloth in the zipper lock plastic bag to the partner portfolio.

10. Weekly Sample ScheduleCan be found on page 6 in the book. MondayPartnerships preview new passage for accuracy by whisper reading and underlining unknown words. Teacher monitors and identifies any words unknown to either partner. Option 1: Use allotted six minutes for partners to preview passages. No timings. Option 2: Allow for extra time on Mondays ( 10-15 minutes). Partners preview passages for accuracy and practice during allotted six minutes. Tuesday -Friday-Fluency Practice FridayPartners turn in passages and select new ones Option: Extend time to incorporate comprehension strategies or summary writing using the practiced passage before turning it in and selecting a new one.

11. Six Simple Steps for the Six-Minute Solution Partner Fluency Model ProcedureEstimated Time Step 1 - Assess Students. 1-2 hours Step 2- Rank Students /Select Partnerships 1 hour Step 3- Introduce Fluency Concept 20-30 minutes Step 4- Establish Partnership Behavior 10 minutes Step 5- Train Students in Partner Procedures 20-30 minutes Step 6- Train Students in Material Management 10-15 minutes Once the six steps are completed, the daily fluency procedure takes only 6 minutes a day !

12. Step One- Assess students for passage reading partnerships • Procedures : Administer two assessments • A one-minute fluency timing on a grade level passage to determine how many correct words per minute each student reads. • A reading assessment to determine independent and/or instructional reading level of each student. San Diego Quick Test of Sight Word Recognition, Gates McGinities Test of Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension, McLeod Test of Reading Comprehension, Scholastic Reading Inventory are only a few examples of such an assessment. Assessment information can be found on pages 11-16 and 55-68 in the book.

13. Step One-Fluency Assessment • Materials Required: • Two copies of a grade level passage - one for the student to read from and another for the teacher to use to record total words read and errors. Note: Every student must read the same passage for the purpose of assessment. The teacher could have a laminated copy on which to record errors and stopping point with a water based marking pen. The teacher would then erase between students. Or the teacher could run multiple copies of the same passage and use a separate one to record errors and stopping point for each student. • Data sheet for the teacher to record correct words per minute and timer ( In Appendix or Excel spreadsheet)

14. SCORING THE RESULTS Words read correctly per minute(FLUENCY): Time students for one minute on their grade level placement test. Count the number of total words read. Subtract errors to obtain correct words read per minute (cwpm) Total Words Read - Errors Correct Words Per Minute

15. Step One- Assess students for instructional reading level • Procedures : Administer two assessments • A one-minute fluency timing on a grade level passage to determine how many correct words per minute each student reads. • A reading assessment to determine independent and/or instructional reading level of each student. San Diego Quick Test of Sight Word Recognition, Gates McGinities Test of Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension, McLeod Test of Reading Comprehension, Scholastic Reading Inventory are only a few examples of such an assessment.

16. Can be found on pages 65-68 in the book.

17. Accuracy # of words read correctly/total # of words read Independent97-100% (+ good/excellent comprehension) Instructional96-91% (+ good/satisfactory comprehension) Frustration90% & below (+ satisfactory/fair/poor comp)

18. Step Two • Rank Students and Select Partnerships • Can be found on page 20 in the book. • Procedures : • Using a class roster, list students in order of fluency score first and then by reading level. • Assign partners based on ranking. For example, if using a spread sheet program, after sorting first for fluency and then for reading level, students ranked as #1 and # 2 could be partners, students ranked as #3 and #4 would be partners and so on. Partners must be closely matched.

19. Step Two • Rank Students and Select Partnerships • Procedures : • Once partnerships are selected, label each partner in the partnership #1 and the other #2. Partner 1 should be the stronger of the two partners. • As an example, two fourth grade students each with an instructional level of 2nd grade are partners. Partner 1 has a fluency rate of 52 correct words per minute and partner 2 has a fluency rate of 48 correct words per minute. • Note: Students must be assigned practice passages at their independent or instructional grade level. Can be instructional for one partner and independent for the other.

20. For example, Gail Adams and Franco Nunez can be fluency partners because both have an instructional reading level of 3 and are within 4 CWPM of each other. Franco will be Student A in the first partnership because he reads with fewer errors! Mark your worksheet like this. Try the next one.

21. Step Three • Introduce Fluency Concept/Repeated Reading • Can be found on pages 25-30 in the book. Blackline Masters can be found in the Appendix. • Materials Required: • Optional - Overheads of introductory material- What is Fluency? Why is it Important? Copy of National Reading Panel • Copy of a selected demonstration passage and a graph for each student in the classroom. Note: readability of the passage should match the readability of the lowest reader in the class. • Overhead transparency of the same passage, overhead transparency of the graph, a marker and a timer for the teacher.

22. Step Three • Introduce Fluency Concept/Repeated Reading • Procedures : • Teacher demonstrates whisper reading the sample passage for one minute, tracking as he/she reads, underlining unknown words and making a mark after the last word read as the timer sounds. Teacher then demonstrates how to use the line count to figure out correct number of words read. Teacher demonstrates how to use the graph. • Students whisper read passage for one minute, figure out the correct number of words read and graph. Procedure is repeated for a second minute • Students compare number of cwpm on each timing. • Teacher leads class discussion on the benefits of repeated reading.

24. Step Four Establish Partner Behavior Can be found on pages 31-33 in the book. Social Aspect : Cooperation and Respect Seating Arrangements Procedural Aspect : Tracking, Underlining and Noting Last Word Read Providing Positive Feedback Error Correction Procedures

25. Step Four • Establish Partner Behavior • Cooperation and Respect • Procedures : • Teacher discusses cooperative and respectful partnerships. • For example, the teacher may say to the class, “ We are going to be working in partnerships to build reading fluency. Partners have been selected based o n assessment data. Your fluency partnership will be a working relationship for only 6 minutes of the class period. “ • “You do not have to be friends with your partner. You do not have to even talk to your partner outside of this classroom. However, you MUST work cooperatively and respectfully during the partner fluency time. “

26. Step Four • Establish Partner Behavior • Procedures : • Teacher states “No Arguing” rule and may give demonstration as to how arguing wastes fluency time.

27. Step Four • Establish Partner Behavior • Seating Arrangements • Teacher selects a volunteer student partner to demonstrate correct partner behavior during read - “lean in and whisper read.”

28. Step Four • Establish Partner Behavior • Tracking, underlining mistakes and noting last word read • Teacher demonstrates keeping track of words partner reads, underlining mistakes and putting a slash mark after the last word read when the timer sounds.

29. Step Four • Establish Partner Behavior • Providing Feedback The teacher demonstrates giving polite feedback to a partner after the one-minute reading is completed. • “You read 85 words. I heard 3 errors. Your correct words read per minute is 82.” • Script : You read ______. I heard _____errors. Your total is ________

30. Step Four Establish Partner Behavior Recoding fluency score on graph The teacher demonstrates marking fluency score on the graph.

31. Step Five • Train Students in Six-Minute Solution • Partner Procedures • Can be found on pages 35-37 in the book. • Materials Required: • Copy of training passage for each student enclosed in a plastic sleeve • A marking pen and an erasing cloth for each partnership • Recording sheet or graph for each student

32. Step Five • Train Students in Partner Procedures • Procedures : • Teacher sets timer for one minute and instructs all partner 1s to read and all partner 2s to follow along and underline errors. • After the timer sounds, teacher instructs all partner 2s to give feedback to all partner 1s- how many total words read, how many errors made and how many correct words per minute. • Teacher instructs all partner 2s to give error correction feedback. • Teacher instructs all partner 1s to graph or record their score.

33. Step Five • Train Students in Partner Procedures • Procedures : • Teacher instructs students to change roles and get ready for the second timing. Students repeat procedure for a second minute. • Repeat procedure. Students compare number of cwpm on each timing. • Note: Teacher should walk around the room and monitor carefully at all times.

34. Step Six • Train Students in Material Management • Can be found on page 39 in the book. • Materials Required: • Portfolio for each partnership. Label each portfolio with the names of partner 1 and partner 2 • Each portfolio should contain 2 copies of the same passage enclosed in a plastic sleeve, a graph for each student, a pen and erasing cloth • Passages color coded or numbered for readability in a central file accessible to students. • Timer for the teacher

35. Step Six • Train Students in Material Management • Procedures : • Teacher shows students where portfolios and passages are kept. • Teacher demonstrates taking and returning portfolios in an orderly fashion. • Teacher demonstrates procedure for choosing new passages on Friday - taking passages out of enclosed plastic sleeves, having one partner return those passages to the designated file and selecting two copies of a different passage within the same readability level.

36. What If…….My Setting Doesn’t Lend Itself to Partner Practice? • Use an individual fluency practice model • Use a small group model • Possible formats are described in the book on pages 20-23

37. How can we incorporate writing into this program? Refer to pages 47-52 in the book for ideas.

38. Summary Writing Frame This passage was about __________ ___________________. First, I learned ___________________. Next, I learned ___________________. Finally, I learned ______________________.

39. Summary Writing Frame Topic Sentence ( name the who or the what and tell the most important thing about the who or the what). One important fact is __________________. Another important fact is ____________. A final important fact is __________________________.

40. THE SIX-MINUTE SOLUTIONINTERMEDIATE LEVEL • Can be used • With students in grades 3-6 • As an intervention in grades 5-8 • Includes assessment tools, reproducible charts, high frequency word lists, fluency building sheets for prefixes, suffixes and vowel combinations as well as 150 passages (25 at each grade level first through sixth)