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Examination techniques in ophthalmology E. Vlková et al. Basic examination techniques. Visual acuity ( natural , best corrected ) Measurement of intraocular pressure Slit lamp examination Fundus examination. Visual acuity. Visual acuity ( natural , best corrected )
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Basicexaminationtechniques Visualacuity (natural, bestcorrected) Measurementofintraocularpressure Slitlampexamination Fundusexamination
Visualacuity Visualacuity (natural, bestcorrected) Distance vision Near vision Charts Snellen Landolt ring Pictures ETDRS Jaeger
Near vision Jaeger chart
Visualacuity Countingfinger (metres ) Hand movement Lightperception
VisualAcuity 5/50 (metres, feet 20/200) 0,1 Minimum separabile – minimum angleofresolution
Refraction Refractive error is an optical abnormality in which the shape of the eye fails to bring light into sharp focus on the retina, resulting in blurred or distorted vision. In optometry, a "refraction" procedure is the measurement of refractive error Autorefractor
Visualacuity Frame Lenses
Tonometry Contacttechniques Schiötz tonometry Goldmannapplanation tonometry Non contacttechniques Jet air (air puff)
Schiötz tonometry 7/7,5 Topicalanestesia
Goldmann tonometry The normal range is 10-21 mmHg Topicalanestesia, fluorescein Forcerequired to flattenthecornae
Examinationofanterior segment Aspection
Slit lamp biomicroscopy table mounted microscopewith a special adjustable illumination source attached
Slit lamp biomicroscopy • duhovka
Examinationof fundus Ophthalmoscopy - direct - indirect Slit lamp biomicrocsopy (highpowerconvexlens, the image isverticallyinverted and laterallyreversed)
Gonioscopy • Goniolens ( mirrors) • Anglestructures • Fundus examination
Electrophysicaltests ERG (electroretinography) diagnosisoffunctionaldefectsofretina Recordofanactionpotentialproduced by theretinawhenitisstimulatedbylight VEP (visualevokedpotential) -diagnosisoffunctionaldefectsofvisualpathways Recordofelectricalactivityofthevisualcortexcreated by stimulationoftheretina
Ultrasound Non transparent optical media UBM- highfrequencyultrasound – imagingofanterior segment
A scan ( biometry) • B scan