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病人自控式止痛之使用安全

病人自控式止痛之使用安全. 亞東醫院麻醉部 林子鏞主任. “It is easier to find men who will volunteer to die, than to find those who are willing to endure pain with patience.”. Julius Caesar. 疼痛的影響. 生理 交感神經興奮、心跳加快、血壓上升、肺塌陷、免疫失調 ………..etc 心理. Low Tech. High Tech. 疼痛強度. 手術後疼痛隨著時間降低. 止痛的方式. 間歇給 opioid

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病人自控式止痛之使用安全

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  1. 病人自控式止痛之使用安全 亞東醫院麻醉部 林子鏞主任

  2. “It is easier to find men who will volunteer to die, than to find those who are willing to endure pain with patience.” Julius Caesar

  3. 疼痛的影響 • 生理 • 交感神經興奮、心跳加快、血壓上升、肺塌陷、免疫失調………..etc • 心理

  4. Low Tech High Tech 疼痛強度 手術後疼痛隨著時間降低 止痛的方式 間歇給opioid 病患自控式止痛(Patient-controlled analgesia, PCA) 周邊神經阻斷 硬脊膜外止痛 神經叢阻斷 NSAID, Weak opioids (e.g.Tramadol) NSAID Panadol

  5. Patient controlled analgesia (PCA)

  6. Basic setting of PCA • Adjustable PCA parameters • Loading dose • Bolus dose • Background infusion • Lockout interval • Dose limit

  7. Typical IV PCA setting Usually 1ml each press Concentration and bolus dose: Morphine 1mg/ml, and 1-mg bolus Fentanyl 10μg/ml, and 10-μg bolus Background infusion None, or 0.1 mg/hour (just keep patent)

  8. Epidural PCA (PCEA) • Use “Loss of resistance method” to localize epidural space • Then place a soft tiny catheter into the space • Infuse “diluted local anesthetics and opioid” to block the nerve impulse to nerve roots and spinal cord Local medication Nerve root

  9. Typical epidural PCA setting • Concentration and bolus dose • 0.0625-0.125% Marcaine with Fentanyl 1-5 μg/ml • Usually 3-8ml each bolus • Background infusion • 3-8 ml/hour • Much larger than IV form!

  10. PCA- Lockout Interval = 1mg Morphine (1ml) Lockout time: 15min 4 times effective ideally 1 hour 4mg maximal 1 hour 2mg given (just effective twice) Effective press Effective press Ineffective press

  11. PCA-Dose Limit (4-hourly) • Concentration: 1mg/ml Morphine • Lockout interval = 15min • 4 hour limit = set 12 mg Morphine (less than 16 mg) Only 1mg could be given 3mg given 4mg 4mg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th hour

  12. PCA related safety hazards Human (operator) errors Equipment errors (malfunctions)

  13. Case I—Wrong Route 一名有lung cancer的病患,接受mini-thoracotomy切除肺部腫瘤。已在術前預先留置epidural catheter,在術中合併全身麻醉與硬脊膜外麻醉,並在術後直接使用epidural PCA (PCEA) 病患於近中午11:35入恢復室,PAR 護理師通知疼痛小組人員裝置PCEA,11:40 經核對醫囑後裝置完成。 14:00 疼痛小組護理師訪視病患時,發現病患嗜睡不易喚醒,經檢查醫囑發現將IV PCA裝到了epidural catheter,並即刻通知麻醉醫師處理。 此時進入病人體內的Morphine劑量約12mg,在分次給予Naloxone後改善了病人嗜睡情形。

  14. Case II- Wrong dosage 病患接受剖腹生產,採半身(spinal)麻醉,術後使用IV form PCA。病患在術後至恢復室即覺得宮縮及傷口疼痛,給予loading dose後,交由病患按壓PCA 按鈕。 在術後約八小時,病患出現頭暈無力,嗜睡的情形。 病房護理師通知疼痛小組成員訪視,發現background infusion 劑量為1mg/hour,與醫囑之0.1mg/hour不同。 調整回原始劑量後,病患表示噁心頭暈感有緩解。

  15. Case III—Drug prepared incorrectly 病患為25歲50公斤的女性病患,因proximal humeral fracture接受ORIF手術,術後於恢復室裝置上IV form PCA。 病患返回病房後,自覺數次按壓PCA按鈕後,有強烈的頭暈及噁心感。 疼痛小組成員在檢視醫囑時,發現藥物濃度不是1mg/ml,而是1.5mg/ml。 在重新更換藥物之後,病患的不適感已緩解。

  16. PCA related safety hazards Doyle DJ. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50 (8): 855-6

  17. Types of Errors Associated with Patient-Controlled Analgesia— Data collected from 2000 to 2004 via Medmarx, a error-reporting system No.(%)errors    Hicks RW et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Mar 1;65(5):429-40.

  18. No.(%)errors Factors Contributing to Errors in Patient-Controlled Analgesia Data collected from 2000 to 2004 via Medmarx Top 10 Hicks RW et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Mar 1;65(5):429-40.

  19. No.(%)errors Factors Contributing to Errors in Patient-Controlled Analgesia Data collected from 2000 to 2004 via Medmarx Top 10 Hicks RW et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Mar 1;65(5):429-40.

  20. 如何提升病患自控式止痛之安全? 利用有效的安全性介入方案 (Safety Intervention)

  21. PCAsafety intervention的效果-以加拿大 McMaster醫學中心經驗為例 Paul JE. et al. Anesthesiology. 2010 Dec;113(6):1427-32.

  22. PCA— after safety intervention Paul JE. et al. Anesthesiology. 2010 Dec;113(6):1427-32.

  23. PCA—after safety intervention Paul JE. et al. Anesthesiology. 2010 Dec;113(6):1427-32.

  24. 提升PCA 安全之要件 KISS ECFA

  25. KISS (Keep it Simple, Stupid) 使用單一濃度藥物 藥物單純化 使用單一PCA機種

  26. E C F A • Education & Equipment: • 教導病人及家屬正確使用PCA機器 • 舉辦對醫護人員有關疼痛知識的教育課程 • 機器設定不能太複雜 • Communication: • 醫師與護理師之間 • 交班要確實 • Familiarity:PCA小組必須熟悉PCA機器 • Alert&Alarm:醫護人員要對併發症具警覺性。留意病人的呼吸速率。可使用血氧監測儀或潮氣末二氧化碳監測儀,於異常時及早發出警示。

  27. 潮氣末二氧化碳監測儀 (Capnography)

  28. 亞東紀念醫院經驗 • 成立PCA小組:以醫師為首,每天三班訪視病人,並調整藥量 • Team Resource Management: TRM • Swiss Cheese Model • 病人照護團隊

  29. Swiss Cheese Model

  30. From TRM to Patient Care

  31. PCA Quality Improvement至少要有三構面

  32. PCA 趨勢 輸液安全系統(e.g., dose error reduction software) 結合病患監測儀 Alarm & Adjust

  33. Thank You!

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