Psychology 100:12 Chapter 11: Part IV Development

1. Psychology 100:12 Chapter 11: Part IV Development

2. Outline • Whorf’s hypothesis • Brain & Language • Gender & Moral Development Study Questions: • Describe Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.

3. Language Benjamin Whorf • Linguistics • Whorf’s hypothesis • Linguistic Relativity hypothesis: Your language shapes your thoughts • Language controls thought and perception • The Hopi as a timeless people • Heider (1971, 1972) • Focal colours • Dani Language (New Guinea) • Two words for colours: Mola (bright) & Mili (dark, cool) • Recognition memory influenced by focality

4. Language Benjamin Whorf • Linguistics • “Eskimo words for snow” (100, 200, or 400?!?) • Martin (1986) • Franz Boas (1911; derived forms) • 4 ‘Eskimo’ words for snow • Aput - snow on the ground; Qana - falling snow; piqsirpoq - drifting snow; qimuqsuq - snowdrift. • English words for water • Liquid, lake, river, pond, sea, ocean, dew, brook, etc. > these could have been formed from the ‘root’ water > ‘Eskimos’ all snow related words from 4 ‘roots’

5. Language Benjamin Whorf • Linguistics • “Eskimo words for snow” (100, 200, or 400?!?) • Whorf (1940s) • “We have the same word for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed hard like ice, slushy snow, wind-driven flying snow- whatever the situation may be. To an Eskimo, this all-inclusive word would be almost unthinkable; he would say that falling snow, slushy snow, and so on, are sensuously and operationally different, different things to contend with; he uses different wards for them and for other kinds of snow.” (Whorf 1940) • 7 words for snow (what about sleet, slush, hail, blizzard, etc.?)

6. Language Benjamin Whorf • Linguistics • “Eskimo words for snow” (100, 200, or 400?!?) • Brown (1958): Three words for snow • Only looked at the figures in Whorf’s paper! • Eastman's (1975) Aspects of Language and Culture • Cites Brown: "Eskimo languages have many words for snow” (Mentions six lines later that the number was 3) • Lanford Wilson's 1978 play “The Fifth of July” • 50 words for snow • New York Times editorial (1984) :100+ words for snow • The Science Times (1988) • "The Eskimos have about four dozen words to describe snow and ice” • Cleveland weather forecast: 200 words for snow

7. Brain & Language Paul Broca Brain & Language • Neuropsychology of language • Aphasia: Language deficits resulting from brain-related disorders and injury. • Very common • 40 % of all strokes produce some aphasia • Broca’s Aphasia • Paul Broca - studied patient Leborgne (A.K.A.’Tan’) • Treated for leg injury • Died a few days later • Autopsied brain • Discovered ‘Broca’s area’ • Left Hemisphere dominance for language

8. Brain & Language Paul Broca Brain & Language • Neuropsychology of language

9. Brain & Language Paul Broca Brain & Language • Neuropsychology of language • Broca’s Aphasia • Production Deficits • Problems in producing fluent language • Range from ‘Tan,tan,tan,…’ to short phrases • Lack function words and grammar • May retain idioms (‘fit as a fiddle’) or songs • Proximity to motor cortex • Dysarthria: loss of control over articulatory muscles • Speech Apraxia: Unable to program voluntary articulatory movements.

10. Brain & Language Paul Broca • Neuropsychology of language • Broca’s Aphasia • Comprehension deficits • Unable to analyze precise grammatical information • “The Boy ate the cookie” • Who ate the Cookie? • “Boy ate cookie” • Implied grammar (cookies don’t eat boys) • “The Boy was kicked by the girl” • Who kicked whom? • “Boy kick girl”

11. Brain & Language Carl Wernicke Brain & Language • Neuropsychology of language • Wernicke’s Aphasia • Carl Wernicke, 1870s • Production deficits • Sounds fluent (e.g., foreign language) • Neologistic (invented words) • Semantic substitutions • E.g. I called my mother on the television and did not understand the romers by the door.

12. Brain & Language Carl Wernicke • Neuropsychology of language • Wernicke’s Aphasia • Carl Wernicke, 1870s • Comprehension deficits • Do not recognize the incomprehensibility of their own sentences • Do not comprehend written or spoken language • “Here and gone again” • Aphasia improves over time • Anomia: Losing the ability to retrieve words (nouns)

13. Brain & Language Brain & Language • Neuropsychology of language • Classical localization model (Lichtheim, 1885; Geschwand, 1967) • Damage to main areas • Broca’s Aphasia • Wernicke’s Aphasia • Damage to connections • Conduction aphasia • Transcortical sensory aphasia

14. Brain & Language Brain & Language • Neuropsychology of language

15. Gender Development • Some definitions • Gender roles: Cultural expectations about how men and women should behave • Around 2 yrs ->identify themselves as a boy or girl. • Gender Stereotypes: Beliefs about differences in the behaviour, abilities, and personality of men and women.

16. Gender Development Gender Development • Nature of gender differences. • Beck’s assessment • Girls • show earlier verbal development • interpretation of emotional cues • more compliant • Boys • show stronger spatial abilities • increased aggression • more likely to have language/behaviour problems

17. Gender Development • Gender identity and sexual orientation • Gender Identity:The association we make with being either male or female. • Gender Constancy:recognizing that being male or female is irrevocable. • By age 5 • Sexual orientation:Inclination towards choosing a partner of the opposite or the same sex.

18. Gender Development Gee, you mean I can’t make anyone gay? • Gender identity and sexual orientation • Biological Basis of sexual orientation • Role of sexually dimorphic nucleus • LeVay(1991)’s post mortum analysis • Role of prepuberty experience • Only predictor is how one feels • Genetic basis • Concordance rates: MZ twins: 52% • DZ twins: 22%

19. Moral Development Jean Piaget • Piaget’s Theory • Stage 1: Moral Realism. • Characterized by egocentrism • Personal consequences of behaviour • Blind adherence to rules. • Rules come from authority, cannot be changed. • Moral judgement -> consequences not intentions. • Stage 2: Morality of Cooperation. • Rules are social conventions • Flexibility - rules can be changed by convention.

20. Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development • Kohlberg’s Theory • Tested childrens responses to various moral dilemmas • Three levels and 6 or 7 stages • Preconventional Level • Stage 1: Punishment and obedience • Direct consequences to self, avoid punishment • Stage 2: Naive instrumental hedonism • Different people have different self-interests • Weigh potential risks and benefits He won’t mind serving time in jail if his wife is alive and waiting for him

21. Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development • Kohlberg’s Theory • Conventional Level • Stage 3: Maintaining good relations and conformity • Live up to expectations of others • Good acts receive approval, improve relationships His family will think he is a bad husband if he lets his wife die • Stage 4: Law and order morality • Rules and laws maintain social order • Duty bound to follow the conventions of the greater society

22. Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg Albert Schweitzer Ghandi Moral Development • Kohlberg’s Theory • Postconventional Level • Stage 5: Human rights, social welfare / contracts • Individual rights can outweigh laws • Stages 6 and 7: Universal ethical principles and cosmic orientation • Values transcend societal norms (Ghandi, Schweitzer, etc.) The law isn’t set up for this situation. Saving a life is more important than obeying this law