Section 3.15

1. Section 3.15 The Disintegration and Reconstruction of France

10. Political and Religious Disunity • France and Germany collapsed as a result of religious turmoil

11. Political and Religious Disunity • France and Germany collapsed as a result of religious turmoil • Religious wars in France were political and religiously based

12. Political and Religious Disunity • France and Germany collapsed as a result of religious turmoil • Religious wars in France were political and religiously based • New form of feudal rebellion against a higher central authority

13. What divided France? • Feudal Rights and Religious Diversity • Centralism vs. Localism

14. What divided France? • Religious Diversity • Catholicism official state religion (Concordat of Bologna (1516) • Calvinism attracted nobles (Huguenots) • Over 33% nobility became Calvinist • laws allowed lords to regulate religion in their estates • gave them opportunity to appoint Calvinistic preachers • Towns leaned toward Protestantism (bourgeois oligarchy) • Unskilled laboring population remained Catholic

15. What divided France? • Feudal Rights and Religious Diversity • Centralism vs. Localism • New Monarchies tried to centralize administration • Challenges to the centralization came from • over 300 different legal systems in 300 small regions • bonnes villes (good towns) stubbornly held onto their corporate rights

17. Civil and Religious Wars 1560-1600 • Huguenots saw opportunity to gain power over weak monarchs (Francis II (d. 1560), Charles IX (d. 1574), and Henry III (d. 1589) • Catherine de Medici –regent ruler • Perpetrated the The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre • against the Huguenots in Paris for Navarre’s wedding • 20 thousand murdered

18. Civil and Religious Wars 1560-1600 • Huguenots saw opportunity to gain power over weak monarchs (Francis II (d. 1560), Charles IX (d. 1574), and Henry III (d. 1589) • Catherine de Medici –regent ruler • Perpetrated the The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre • against the Huguenots in Paris for Navarre’s wedding • 20 thousand murdered

19. The Politiques • Out of chaos rose third party called the Politiques • said that too much was being made of religion • What was needed was civil order • Had a secular rather than a religious view • King should overlook religious ideas if citizens obey the king

20. Henry Bourbon of Navarre • A Politique • Pragmatist and would use the Politique idea to gain the throne • Jean Bodin • first to discuss the modern theory of sovereignty • every society must have one power strong enough to give law • in France = absolutism • Sovereignty of the state emerges as the political model in the west to the present

21. Henry Bourbon of Navarre • A Politique • Pragmatist and would use the Politique idea to gain the throne • Jean Bodin • first to discuss the modern theory of sovereignty • every society must have one power strong enough to give law • in France = absolutism • Sovereignty of the state emerges as the political model in the west to the present

22. End of the Wars: Reconstruction under Henry IV • 1589 Henry III of France and Henry of Guise are assassinated • next legal inheritor is Henry Bourbon (of Navarre) (Henry IV)

23. End of the Wars: Reconstruction under Henry IV • 1589 Henry III of France and Henry of Guise are assassinated • next legal inheritor is Henry Bourbon (of Navarre) (Henry IV) • Henry of Navarre brings the Bourbon dynasty to the throne • a Huguenot but recognized that Catholicism was the faith of the majority • Converts to Catholicism in 1593 • “Paris is well worth a mass.”

24. End of the Wars: Reconstruction under Henry IV • Henry of Navarre brings the Bourbon dynasty to the throne • a Huguenot but recognized that Catholicism was the faith of the majority • Converts to Catholicism in 1593 • “Paris is well worth a mass.”

25. End of the Wars: Reconstruction under Henry IV • Issued the Edict of Nantes to quiet the Huguenots • Protestants’ civil rights were protected • Gave Protestants the rights to defend themselves and maintain private armies (had 100 fortified towns) • Parlements refused to recognize the Edict • Silenced them by granting favors to Jesuits

26. End of the Wars: Reconstruction under Henry IV • Henry IV began rebuilding France: • “A chicken in the pot for every Frenchmen” • repaired roads, began rebuilding of business, ect. • Never summoned the estates general • Laid the foundations for absolutism • 1610: Henry IV was killed by Catholic fanatic

27. Cardinal Richelieu • Governments of Marie de Medici and her son Louis XIII administered by Cardinal Richelieu • Cardinal but really a politique

28. Cardinal Richelieu • Governments of Marie de Medici and her son Louis XIII administered by Cardinal Richelieu • Cardinal but really a politique • Advanced mercantilism • Encouraged nobility to develop interests in commerce without loss of title or status • Encouraged merchants with grants of titles of nobility • Developed “commercial companies”

29. Peace of Alais • Prohibits private warfare and orders the destruction of fortified castles not used by the king • Peace of Alais amends the Edict of Nantes after Protestant uprising is put down Cardinal Richelieu at the Siege of La Rochelle.

30. Peace of Alais • Prohibits private warfare and orders the destruction of fortified castles not used by the king • Peace of Alais amends the Edict of Nantes after Protestant uprising is put down • Huguenots can not share political power, can not keep private armies • Huguenots can practice Protestantism • Path toward absolutism is being widened