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Psychological Foundations

Dive into the realms of cognition, language, and intelligence to understand concepts, problem-solving strategies, language dynamics, and learning disabilities. Uncover the impact of genetics and environment on intelligence as you explore the intricacies of human cognitive processes.

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Psychological Foundations

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  1. Psychological Foundations Thinking and Intelligence

  2. Cognition: Concepts and Prototypes • Cognition: thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory • Concept: category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences • Prototype: best representation of a concept • Schema: a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

  3. Types of Concepts • Natural concept: mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences like snow below • Artificial concept: concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics like the shapes below

  4. Problem Solving Strategies

  5. Pitfalls in Problem Solving • Mental set continually using an old solution to a problem without results • Functional fixedness inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended • Decision Biases

  6. Decision Bias in Problem Solving

  7. Language: Key Terms • Audience design • Common ground • Lexicon • Syntax • Grammar • Priming • Situation model

  8. Language and the Social Brain • Social brain hypothesis that humans can maintain larger ingroups • Social networks: networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel • Linguistic intergroup bias: a tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions • Ingroup: group to which a person belongs • Outgroup: group to which a person does not belong

  9. Stages of Language Development

  10. Language and Thinking Language does not completely determine our thoughts—our thoughts are far too flexible for that—but habitual uses of language can influence our habit of thought and action Language can influence perceptual phenomena, especially in the left hemisphere of the brain

  11. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

  12. Multiple Intelligences

  13. Creativity Ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities • Divergent thinking: the capacity for exploring multiple potential answers or solutions to a given question or problem • Convergent thinking: the opposite of divergent thinking, the capacity to narrow in on the single “correct” answer or solution to a given question or problem

  14. Measuring Intelligence • Intelligence quotient: (IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence • Test Measures: • Verbal Comprehension • Perceptual Reasoning • Working Memory • Processing Speed • Norming • Standardization

  15. IQ Forms a Bell Curve The specific skills that should be assessed in IQ testing, the degree to which a test can measure an individual’s intelligence, and the use of the results of IQ tests are all controversial

  16. Impact of Genetics on Intelligence

  17. Impact of Environment on Intelligence • Range of Reaction is the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup • Genetic potential is a fixed quantity, but whether people reach their full intellectual potential is dependent upon environmental stimulation, especially in childhood

  18. Learning Disabilities Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders that affect specific areas of cognition, such as: • Dysgraphia: learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly • Dyslexia: common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

  19. Practice Question Discuss the relationship between creativity and problem solving

  20. Quick Review • What are concepts (natural and artificial) and prototypes? • What are common problem solving strategies, including algorithms and heuristics and roadblocks to effective problem solving? • Can you define basic terms that describe language use? • What are the social implications of language? • How does language use develop?

  21. More Quick Review • What is the relationship between language and thinking • What are the triarchic theory of intelligence and the multiple intelligences theory? • What are creativity, divergent, and convergent thinking? • How is intelligence measured? What are the uses and limitations of measuring IQ? • How do genetics and the environment affect intelligence? • What are some common learning disabilities?

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