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Introduction to Internet Protocol, Heterogeneous and all-IP Networks

Introduction to Internet Protocol, Heterogeneous and all-IP Networks . By Pradip Paudyal. What is the Internet?. A communication infrastructure u sefulness is in exchanging information. What is a protocol?.

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Introduction to Internet Protocol, Heterogeneous and all-IP Networks

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  1. Introduction to Internet Protocol, Heterogeneous andall-IP Networks By PradipPaudyal

  2. What is the Internet? A communication infrastructure usefulness is in exchanging information

  3. What is a protocol? • A protocol is a collection of rules and procedures for two computers to exchange information • Protocol also defines the format of data that is being exchanged

  4. What is TCP/IP? • TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network. • TCP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol” • IP stands for “Internet Protocol” • They are Transport layer and Network layer protocols respectively of the protocol suite • The most well known network that adopted TCP/IP is Internet – the biggest WAN in the world

  5. IP Addresses • It is the identification of a host or router in the networks • It is data oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet switched networks • IP (Version 4) Addresses are 32 bits long • IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long

  6. IPv4 Addresses 18.26.0.1 • IP address has two parts i.e. Network ID and Host ID • Network ID tells us the which NW the particular PC belongs to. • Node/Host ID defines the unique deceives within a network. • Number of bits allocated to specify network varies host network 32-bits

  7. IP address cont…. • IPv4 address: a 32-bit number, usually written in dotted decimal form, that uniquely identifies an interface of some computer • Host Address: another term for IP address • Network: a group of hosts, all of which have an identical beginning position of their IP addresses. • Network Number: a 32-bit number that represent a network and it cant be assigned as IP address of a host • Network address: another term for the network number. • Broadcast address: a 32-bit number that is used to address all hosts in the network. It cant be assigned as an IP address of a host.

  8. Classes of IP address • It helps us to determine how the four bytes/ 32 bits IP address is divided in to network and node ID • Different classes of IP address are used depending on their size of network. • First 8 bits of IP address is enough to determine the class of IP addresses.

  9. IP address cont…. Few IP address that can not be used are • 0.0.0.0: Refers to default route used by the IP in routing table • 127.0.0.0: reserved for loopback. • IP address with all host bit set to “0” : It refers to actual network itself e.g. 192.168.0.0 • IP address with all host bit set to “1”: It refers to as network broadcast address e.g. 192.168.255.255 is a class C IP. • IP address with all bit set to “1”: Refers to broadcast address e.g. 255.255.255.255

  10. Subnet Mask and Sub-netting • Subnet: a group of hosts, all of which have an identical portion of their IP addresses, a subnet differs from a network in that a subnet is a further subdivision of a network. • At least default subnet-mask must be used for every class of IP address. • All the IP address which uses default subnet mask is known as “Class full IP address”; And the IP addresses which uses other than default subnet mask by creating a subnet ID known as “Class-less IP addresses”

  11. Network Mask The default subnet mask are: • Class A: 255.0.0.0 • Class B: 255.255.0.0 • Class C: 255.255.255.0 8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 ----------------------------------- net id | host id netid = 00001000 = 8 hostid = 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1 Class A IP_Address Class A Mask

  12. Sub-netting • Sub-netting the networks help us to partition the network in to a smaller network according to the need of company which helps to reduce the traffic and hides the complexity of the networks i.e. the process of subdividing networks into smaller subnets. • Subnet mask: A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host. • Address mask: another term for a mask • Interface: A network connection.

  13. Understanding Sub-netting • Sub-netting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C network • When sub-netting, a third part of IP address appears in the middle of the address—namely, the subnet part of the address. The size of the network part never shrinks.

  14. Sub-netting Examples E.g. 192.168.0.5 255.255.255.0 -default subnet mask E.g. Sub-netting; 192.168.0.5 and 255.255.255.224 11000000. 10101000. 00000000. 00000101 11 11 1 1 1 1. 11 1 111 1 1 . 1 1 11 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 00000 Network IDSubnet ID Host ID Here, 3 bit is borrowed from the host ID to create subnet ID. Hence 2^3=8 different network can be created and 256/8=32 different host in each network and IP that can be used in each network is 32-2=30

  15. Sub-netting Examples cont….

  16. Examples • given a Class C network of 204.17.5.0 which has a natural mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this manner: 204.17.5.0 - 11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000 255.255.255.224 – 1 1 1 1 1111.1 1 1 1 1 1 11.11 1 1 1 1 11.11100000 -------------------------|sub|---- With these three sub-net bits, it is possible to create eight subnets

  17. Sub-netting • With the remaining five host ID bits, each subnet can have up to 32 host addresses: • 204.17.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30 • 204.17.5.32 255.255.255.224 host address range 33 to 62 • 204.17.5.64 255.255.255.224 host address range 65 to 94 • 204.17.5.96 255.255.255.224 host address range 97 to 126 • 204.17.5.128 255.255.255.224 host address range 129 to 158 • 204.17.5.160 255.255.255.224 host address range 161 to 190 • 204.17.5.192 255.255.255.224 host address range 193 to 222 • 204.17.5.224 255.255.255.224 host address range 225 to 254

  18. Sub-netting • the mask of 255.255.255.224 can also be denoted as /27 as there are 27 bits that are set in the mask • For example, 204.17.5.32/27 denotes the network 204.17.5.32 255.255.255.224.

  19. Introduction toHeterogeneous Networks andALL-IP Networks • Next-generation Wireless Internet • Heterogeneous Networks • Including different access networks GPRS, WLAN, MANET (mobile ad hoc) • Vertical/Horizontal handoffs • All-IP Architecture and Connectivity • Terminals with Software-Based Radio Interfaces

  20. Example IP-based 4G/Next G/…network

  21. Next-generation Wireless Internet

  22. All-IP Architecture Advantages • Integrated voice and data stack at end devices • Simpler signaling architecture • Lower operations and network management cost Disadvantages • IP headers waste wireless bandwidth • More complex terminals • Larger latency • Requires QoS support for packet voice

  23. Integrated WLAN and Cellular DataNetworks • A cellular data network can provide relatively low speed data service (up to 115.2Kbps with GPRS and 2Mbps with 3G system) over a large coverage area. On the other hand, WLAN provides high-speed data service (up to 11 Mbps with 802.11b and 54Mbps with 802.11a) over a geographically small area. • An integrated network combines these two kind of data networks. • A kind of Heterogeneous Networks

  24. Integration • UMTS (or GPRS) vs. WLAN • Coverage • UMTS (several kilometers) > WLAN (several hundred meters) • Data rate • WLAN (up to 54Mbps) > UMTS (up to 2Mbps when static) > GPRS (up to 115.2K bps) • There is a strong need for interworking mechanism between WLANs and cellular data networks

  25. Integration of HeterogeneousNetworks

  26. Scenario: Integration, Connection/Mobility, Authentication, End-to-End QoS

  27. Research Issues in HeterogeneousNetworks

  28. Thank You……………………

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