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Food borne animal parasites, viruses and food borne biohazards

Food borne animal parasites, viruses and food borne biohazards. Dept. of Food Science & Technology Wayamba University of Sri Lanka 108072 108075 108078 108079. Biohazards (toxins). Parasites. Food borne illnesses. Viruses. Bacteria. Chemicals. Parasites. Parasites..??.

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Food borne animal parasites, viruses and food borne biohazards

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  1. Food borne animal parasites, viruses and food borne biohazards Dept. of Food Science & Technology Wayamba University of Sri Lanka 108072 108075 108078 108079

  2. Biohazards (toxins) Parasites Food borne illnesses Viruses Bacteria Chemicals

  3. Parasites

  4. Parasites..?? • Organisms that obtain their food from other living creatures • Smaller than their food source and this distinguishes them from predators which also eat other living things • Common food borne animal parasites - worms and protozoa • Worms include tapeworms (cestodes), flukes (trematodes) and roundworms (nematodes)

  5. 1. Protozoan Parasites • One-celled organisms but are larger and more complex than bacteria • Generally not susceptible to antibiotics that kill bacteria but there are effective drugs to treat some (not all) parasitic infections • Most common types; • Toxoplasma • Cryptosporidium • Cyclospora • Entamoeba • Giardia

  6. Toxoplasma • Toxoplasmagondii • Obligate, intracellular, parasitic protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis  • Infection in humans and other warm-blooded animals can occur • by consuming raw or undercooked meat containing T. gondii tissue cysts • by ingesting water, soil, vegetables, or anything contaminated with oocysts shed in the feces of an infected animal • from a  blood transfusion or organ transplant • transplacental transmission  from mother to fetus, particularly when T. gondii is contracted during pregnancy

  7. Toxoplasma

  8. Life cycle • Sexually reproduce   • only within the  • intestines of members • of the cat family (felids) 

  9. Risk factors of toxoplasmosis and preventive methods • Diminished vision or blindness after birth of child, more severe effects include hydrocephalus, convulsions, and calcium deposits in the brain • Responsible for the deaths of AIDS patients and causes encephalitis in many immunosuppressed • Pregnant women and immunocompromised patients should avoid the following: • Raw or undercooked meat or eggs • Unpasteurized milk, particularly goat's milk • Contact with cat feces, including changing of cat litter trays

  10. Cryptosporidium • Mainly Cryptosporidium parvum • Cause  cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease  of the mammalian intestine tract • Primary symptoms - acute, watery, and non-bloody diarrhoea • Other symptoms -anorexia, nausea/ vomiting and abdominal pain • The diagnosis of C. parvum consists of serological tests and microscopic evaluation of oocysts in stools using  Kinyoun acid-fast staining

  11. Life cycle

  12. The following groups have an elevated risk of being exposed to Cryptosporidium: • People who swim regularly in pools with insufficient sanitation • Parents of infected children • People who take care of other people with cryptosporidiosis • People who drink untreated water • People, including swimmers, who swallow water from contaminated sources • People who handle infected cattle • People who eat contaminated food; meat, fish, milk, fruits and vegetables

  13. Cyclospora • Cyclosporacayetanensis • Cause cyclosporiasis • By consuming food or water contaminated with C. cayetanensisoocysts (the infective stage of the organism) • By putting anything into mouth that has touched the stool of a person or animal with cyclosporiasis

  14. Symptoms of cyclosporiasis; watery diarrhea (sometimes explosive), loss of appetite, bloating, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue • Symptoms are more severe in persons with weakened immune systems

  15. Life cycle

  16. Entamoeba • Entamoebahistolytica •  An anaerobic, cause Amoebiasis • Transmission of the parasite occurs when a person ingests food/water that has been contaminated with infected feces • Cysts of the parasite are the viable form outside the host. They can survive weeks in water, soils and on foods under moist conditions.  • An active Entamoeba infection will cause diarrhea

  17. Life cycle

  18. On occasion, Entamoeba is capable of traveling to the liver

  19. Giardia • Giardialamblia • Single celled,  flagellated, microscopic parasite that can live in the intestines of animals and people • Cause giardiasis • Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does it spread to other parts of the  GI tract

  20. How do people get giardiasis? • Frequently associated with drinking contaminated water, but some people might get infected by consuming uncooked meat also contaminated with G. lambliacysts (the infective stage of the organism) • By putting anything into mouth that has touched contaminated surfaces or the stool of a person or animal with giardiasis • Foodbornegiardiasis can result from the use of contaminated water for irrigating or washing fruits and vegetables

  21. Life cycle

  22. Symptoms of giardiasis • Most common symptoms- Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, gas, and nausea • Chronic infection might lead to dehydration and severe weight loss

  23. 2. Parasitic Worms • animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body and no legs • Various types of worm occupy a small variety of parasitic niches, living inside the bodies of other animals. • There are three types of worms found which act as parasites. • Nematoda • Trmatoda • Cestoda

  24. Anisakis and Pseudoterranova (Sealworm,Codworm) • Anisakiasis was first recognized as a human disease about forty years ago. • Found with fish • chub mackerel and flying squid in Japan and pickled anchovies, raw sardines,cold smoked salmon, raw or pickled herring are some vectors.

  25. Other fish, including whiting, mackerel, pollack, and flounder,may also contain these parasites with anisakid larvae. • varies by season and increases with fish size Water temperatures and seal populations may also affect the abundance of these parasites

  26. The way of forming of Anisakis • Adult worms in these marine mammals produce eggs • That pass out with the feces, hatch, and the larvae are consumed by shrimp. • When fish or squid eat the shrimp, the larvae are released, bore through the stomach wall, • and may remain in the abdominal cavity or penetrate near by muscles. • The life cycle is completed when infected fish or squid are eaten by marine mammals

  27. Life cycle of Anisakis

  28. What’s happened when larvae are ingested by human ??? • Humans are an accidental host and these larvae cannot mature in the human gut. Instead the worms burrow into the intestinal or stomach wall and may wander to the liver, lungs or other tissues, causing • gastric disturbances and allergic reactions. larvae found in herrings body cavity

  29. Ascarislumbricoides • Ascarislumbricoidesis a common intestinal roundworm parasite infecting an estimated one-quarter of the world’s population. • Lack of adequate hygiene could spread egg of this nematode to people who ingest contaminated foods and drink water.

  30. Life cycle of ascaris • Humans are the only known host for this roundworm. • Eggs passed out with feces may be ingested by the same or another person • By drinks contaminated water, eats with dirty hands, or eats uncooked vegetables that have been fertilized with contaminated human wastes. • Upon ingestion, the eggs hatch in the intestine • The worms may migrate to the lungs or • liver before returning to the intestine and maturing.

  31. Life cycle of Ascaris

  32. What are the main causes of Ascaris ?? • Infected babies become stunts growth and contributes to diarrheal infections and early childhood mortality. • Infected adults do not exhibit symptoms • these worms irritate the intestinal lining and interfere absorption of fats and protein. • Ascariscauses more severe infections in the liver or lungs.

  33. Clonorchis/Opisthorchis (Liver flukes) • In eastern and southeastern Asia, several related parasitic worms of the genera Clonorchisand Opisthorchislodge in the liver of infected humans and other animals causing blockage and hyperplasia of the bile passages.

  34. The way of contamination occur • Cats and several other animals are vectors • Raw fish can spread this liver flukes • Additionally this will be a issue to some other countries like USA who are importing fresh water fishes of Asian countries.

  35. Life cycle • Involve two intermediate hosts, snails and fish. • Humans and other fish-eating animals complete the life cycle by • eating raw, infected fish and digesting out the cysts. • Then the larvae migrate to the liver, mature, and produce eggs.

  36. What happened after infection ?? • Light infections cause mild symptoms like liver dysfunction • Heavier infections result in hepatitis and digestive disorders. • According to epidemiological reviews there is significant association between • chronic infection • liver cancer, • cholangiocarcinoma

  37. Fasciolopsisbuski (Fasciolopsiasis,Intestinal fluke) • F. buskiis the largest trematode infecting humans, • Worms most commonly inhabit the intestines of farm pigs and school age children in Asian countries.

  38. Life cycle of Fasciolopsisbuski • This parasite requires a single intermediate host. • Eggs are deposited in feces, hatch in water, and the larvae penetrate snails and undergo development. • After 4–6 weeks the parasites emerge from the • snails and encyst in water or on aquatic plants. • Consumption of contaminated water or of raw aquatic vegetables allows for completion of the life cycle

  39. How is it infected..??? • Consumption of • contaminated water • raw aquatic vegetables

  40. Causes due to infection • Mild infection • Anemia, • headache, and gastric distress • Heavier infections • severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, edema • sometimes intestinal blockage.

  41. cestoda

  42. Taenia spp. • Most familiar worm found in intestine of human when they re infected. • there are number of species which used several animals as human, dog, even beares as there hosts.

  43. T. solium, in particular, may be present in as many as 20% of hogs • causes debilitating human disease that is difficult and expensive to treat

  44. Taenialife cycles involve two mammalian hosts. • Adults in the human intestine may live for more than twenty years, producing several thousand eggs daily • That pass out with the feces. • If these are consumed by an intermediate host, they develop into larvae (cysticerci) which migrate to the muscles. • Consumption of raw or inadequately cooked, infected beef or

  45. How is it infected ?? • Via dirty hands or • Fecally contaminated vegetables • Contaminated water • Or foods

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