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Parenting Education for Parents of Young Children

The Universal Programme equips parents with skills for child care. Targeted interventions include breastfeeding, coaching, and behavior management. Triple P focuses on self-efficacy for parents in child behavior management, promoting positive relationships. Evidence shows improvement in parenting competence and decrease in child behavior issues. Family education varies by life stage and level of need, using evidence-based practices. Various reviews assess parenting interventions' effectiveness in preventing injuries and improving child adjustment.

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Parenting Education for Parents of Young Children

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  1. Parenting Education for Parents of Young Children Dr Shirley Leung SL MB,BS(HK); MPH(Auckland); FHKAM(Paed); FRCP(Glasg) Principal Medical & Health Officer Family Health Service Department of Health

  2. Parenting Programme in Maternal & Child Health Centres Aim: To equip parents with the necessary knowledge and skills to bring up healthy and well-adjusted children

  3. The Universal Programme: To provide Anticipatory Guidance to all parents on the physical & psychosocial care of the child, through various modes & channels

  4. Anticipatory Guidance to Parents

  5. Universal Programme: Delivered through various Modes and Channels Leaflets Individual Interview AV resources Telephone hotline Website Happy Parenting Workshops

  6. Community-based Promotion Activities Baby Expo Roving exhibition Advertising in mass transit system TV series API and poster campaign

  7. Targetted Programmes: • Breastfeeding • Coaching • Management of complications • Support group • Child behaviour management • Positive Parenting Programme (Triple P)

  8. Triple P: Principles & Strategies Principle: To foster self efficacy & self-regulation of parents in child behaviour management • Understanding the causes of child behaviour problems • Setting goals for change in parent’s own & child’s behaviours • Keeping track of parent’s own & child’s behaviour (Behaviour diary/graph) • Acquiring the knowledge & skills of • 10 positive parenting strategies (enhance parent-child relationship; encourage desirable behaviours, etc) • 7 strategies to manage behaviour problems • Application of the above to solve current problems and prevent future ones

  9. Group Triple P Role Play Group discussion Mini-lecture Phone follow up

  10. Does not address relationship or values • Emphasizes building of a positive parent-child relationship • Respects parent’s own values Fiction Fact • Directed & controlled by professionals • Empowerment of parents • Facilitate self-regulation • Build self-efficacy • A western product suited for western culture • A programme for middle-class parents • Programme effectiveness has been proven in local Chinese families (RCT) • Larger magnitude of improvement in low income level & new immigrants • Universality of human psychology & Globalization • Need to respect diversity & be culturally sensitive during service provision

  11. The Evidence Leung C, Sanders MR, Leung S, Mak R & Lau J. An outcome evaluation ofthe implementation of the Triple P - Positive Parenting Program in Hong Kong. Fam Process 2003; 42:531-44. • A randomised controlled trial 69 parents with children 3 to 7 years • Intervention group 33 • Control group 36 • Results • Increase in parenting sense of competence • Decrease in dysfunctional parenting practices • Decrease in child behaviour problems • Decrease in marital conflicts

  12. Directions & Approaches to Family Education

  13. Tertiary Care Secondary Care Intervention Primary Care Intervention Universal Programme The Scope of Family Education • Family members at different life stages: • Different needs (difficulties & problems) • Programmes of different levels: • Universal programme • Anticipatory guidance • Preventive • Targetted programme • Address special needs / problems • Early intervention(primary care level) • Treatment & remedial • Provided by professionals of various disciplines in different sectors

  14. Common Ground for all Professionals: Evidence-based Practices • The Cochrane Collaboration • Established in 1993 • A global research network • Aims toimprove healthcare decision-making through systematic reviews of the effects of healthcare interventions • Published in the Cochrane Library • [A systematic review aims to sum up the best available research on a specific question. It uses transparent procedures to find, evaluate and synthesize the results of all relevant research]

  15. Common Ground for all Professionals: Evidence-based Practices • The Campbell Collaboration • established in 2000 • an international research network that produces systematic reviews of the effects of social interventions in the areas of • education • crime and justice • social welfare • Published in the Campbell Library • to better inform policy and practice, and ultimately improve people's well being

  16. Systematic Reviews on Parenting Programmes Cochrane Library • Parenting interventions for the prevention of unintentional injuries in childhoodDenise Kendrick, Jane Barlow, Amanda Hampshire, Leon Polnay, Sarah Stewart-Brown; 2007 • Group-based parent-training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in 0-3 year old childrenJane Barlow, Jacqueline Parsons; 2003 • Individual and group-based parenting programmes for the treatment of physical child abuse and neglectJane Barlow, Isabelle Johnston, Denise Kendrick, Leon Polnay, Sarah Stewart-Brown; 2006 • Individual and group-based parenting programmes for improving psychosocial outcomes for teenage parents and their childrenEsther Coren, Jane Barlow; 2001 Campbell Library • Group-based parent-training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in 0-3 year old children (Social welfare) Jane Barlow and Jacqueline Parsons; 2005 • Parent-training programmes for improving maternal psychosocial health (Social welfare) Jane Barlow, Sarah Stewart-Brown and Esther Coren; 2005. • Parental involvement and the academic performance of elementary school children (Education) Chad Nye, Herb Turner and Jamie Schwartz; 2006.

  17. The Evidence-based Intervention Programme Development Model Needs Assessment Programme Design Efficacy Testing Effectiveness Testing Programme Diffusion • The condition • Distribution • Determinants Biological / Socio-behavioural Research RCT Training Quality management Ongoing Evaluation Field trials

  18. Thank You!

  19. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services (1972) Resources are always limited – should be used to provide forms of health care which has been shown in properly designed evaluations to be effective – the importance of using evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT's) "It is surely a great criticism of our profession that we have not organised a critical summary, by specialty or subspecialty, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomised controlled trials." (1979) Professor Archibald Leman Cochrane CBE FRCP FFCM (1909 - 1988) Source: Cochrane Collaboration Source: The Cochrane Collaboration.

  20. The Hierarchy of Evidence(of causality) Level 1: Randomised controlled trials Results from a systematic review (& meta-analysis) of trials One or more individual trials Level 2: Cohort & case-control studies Results from a meta-analysis of such studies One of more individual studies Level 3: Other comparative studies Level 4: Case series, descriptive studies. Professional experiences

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