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Hematology: the study of BLOOD. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYqF78m5EW4. J. Hinson Human Anatomy and Physiology. I. Blood Overview. Connective tissue Functions: Transport substances b/w cells and the environment Maintain a stable cellular environment
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Hematology: the study ofBLOOD http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYqF78m5EW4 J. Hinson Human Anatomy and Physiology
I. Blood Overview • Connective tissue • Functions: • Transport substances b/w cells and the environment • Maintain a stable cellular environment • Heavier and more viscous than water
I. Blood Overview D. Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma 1. 45% cells; 55% plasma 2. Differentiated from hemacytoblasts 3. Determined by CBC E. Normal blood volume: 4-6 L http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/images/blood%20cells/hematocrit.jpg
II. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) • Shape allows for increase surface area for gas diffusion; lack nuclei • Hemoglobin (Hg): O2 carrying protein • Hematocrit (HCT): ratio of RBCs to total blood volume • RBCcount: # RBCs / mm3 - - - 4,200,000 – 6,200,000 RBCs/mm3 http://science.uwe.ac.uk/research/uploads/CRIB_blood_cells.jpg
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)E. Hematopoeiesis: Red Blood Cell Production • Produced in red bone marrow • Negative Feedback Mechanism • Erythropoietin released from kidneys due to decrease in O2 • Red marrow increases RBC production • When RBC supply is sufficient to supply O2, erythropoietin release ceases. • RBC production is subsequently reduced.
II. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) E. Hematopoiesis 3. Significantly affected by diet a. lack of B-complex vitamins, B12, and folate: pernicious anemia b. lack of iron: hypochromic anemia F. Life Span: ~120 days 1. Damaged cells are destroyed in liver and spleen by macrophages http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Platelets.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZV5140OykE
III. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) • Aid in immunity • WBC Count: 5,000-10,000 cells/mm3 1. Differential: WBC count (DIFF) http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Images/16-05_leukocytes_1.jpg
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)C. Granulocytes v. Agranulocytes • Granulocytes: 2x the size of RBCs; contain cytoplasmic granules • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Agranulocytes: lack granules • Monocytes • Lymphocytes
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Neutrophils • Nucleus w/ 2-5 lobes; granules stain pink • 54-62% of WBC • Destroys relatively small particles by phagocytosis http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Blood/blood.htm
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Eosinophil • Bilobed nucleus; coarse granules stain red • 1-3% of WBC • Kills parasites and helps control allergic reactions http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Blood/blood.htm
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Basophil • Lobed nuclei (kidney shaped); irregular granules stain blue • <1% of WBC • Releases anticoagulant: heparin/histamine http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Blood/blood.htm
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Monocyte • 2-3x larger than RBC; nuclei round or lobed • 3-9% of WBC • Destroys relatively large particles via phagocytosis http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Blood/blood.htm
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Lymphocytes • Slightly larger than RBCs; large nuclei • 25-33% of WBC • Aid in immunity http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Blood/Images/ly106le.jpg
IV. Platelets (thrombocytes) • Cytoplasmic fragments • Lack nuclei; < half size of RBCs • Platelet count: 130,000-360,000 platelets / mm3 • Function: repair breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate clot formation http://diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/heme1/images/pltclmp.jpg
V. Plasma • Clear, straw-colored liquid suspension • 92% water • Functions: - transport nutrients, gases, and vitamins - regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance - maintenance of pH
V. Plasma D. Plasma proteins (produced in the liver) 1. albumins (60%): osmotic pressure and blood volume regulation 2. globulins (36%): transport lipids and aid in immunity 3. fibrinogen (4%): clotting E. Plasma nutrients: amino acids, simple sugars, and lipids F. Nitrogenous substances: amino acids, urea, uric acid G. Plasma electrolytes help maintain osmotic pressure and pH and include: Na+1, K+1, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-1, HCO3-1, PO4-3, and SO4-2
VI. Hemostasis: blood clotting • Smooth muscle contracts (vasoconstiction) to decrease blood loss. a. Platelets release serotonin to prolong. • Platelets adhere to collagen and stick to themselves forming a platelet plug.
VI. Hemostasis: blood clotting • Coagulation causes blood clot. Involves multiple clotting factors. • Prothrombin converted to thrombin. • Enzymatic thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin. • Meshwork traps platelets to form a blood clot. • Fibroblasts produce fibrous tissue which helps form a scab. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBvpE5ia2LE&feature=channel
VI. Hemostasis: blood clotting • Some common coagulation disorders include: • Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease) • Von Willebrand’s disease B. Abnormal formation of a blood clot in a vessel is a thrombus. When a thrombus dislodges into blood flow, it is called an embolus. ** Often caused by fatty plaque/cholesterol deposits and may lead to death (ie stroke).
VII. Blood Typing • The process of identifying the antigens present on RBCs • Antigens are found on RBC; Antibodies are in the plasma. • ABO blood group: blood is typed based on the presence or absence of A or B antigens. ** Most common: O+ ** Least common: AB-
VII. Blood Typing C. Agglutinations: clumping of red cells following a transfusion reaction http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/index.html http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/path/innes/images/rcdjpegs/rcd%20agglutination%20x50b.jpeg
VII. Blood Typing D. Rh factor: presence or lack of Rh antigens 1. Rh negative can donate to Rh positive. However, the reverse can only occur once, as the body will develop Rh antibodies. ** First discovered in Rhesus monkeys, thus the “Rh”!
VII. Blood Typing • Erythroblastosis fetalis - condition in which agglutination of RBCs in an Rh+ fetus occurs during the second pregnancy of an Rh- mother * Rh antibodies developed during birth of the first fetus attack the second!