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International Astronomical Union Sydney, 22 nd July, 2003

International Astronomical Union Sydney, 22 nd July, 2003. City Lighting and its Effect on Sky-Glow Generation Dr Warren G Julian Vice-President (Technical) Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage Associate Professor in Architectural and Design Science University of Sydney, 2006 Australia.

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International Astronomical Union Sydney, 22 nd July, 2003

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  1. International Astronomical Union Sydney, 22nd July, 2003 City Lighting and its Effect on Sky-Glow Generation Dr Warren G Julian Vice-President (Technical) Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage Associate Professor in Architectural and Design Science University of Sydney, 2006 Australia

  2. Introduction • City beautification lighting has become a major lighting design activity. • There are strong drivers: inbound tourism, local commercial desires and human pleasure. • Good results may have been achieved by people with little knowledge of light and lighting • The issues require designers who are both creative and competent. • This paper looks briefly at the issues and suggests that guidance and lighting education are essential for environmentally successful solutions. 2

  3. Complex needs • Lighting design does not take place in a vacuum. • Environmental protection, limiting unwanted effects on others, energy efficiency, statutory requirements, urban design objectives, technical performance and compliance with Standards and best practice. • The designer needs to be able to interpret ideas from clients and others in the design team. • The designer needs to tell people, from different backgrounds, his/her ideas. • Lighting design is not just selecting luminaires and lamps but concerns the creation of solutions to design problems. 3

  4. Complex technology • The lighting industry has provided many new products; especially new lamps. • More energy efficient; have longer lives, improved colour properties and stability. • However, they are much more dependent upon correct electrical and thermal conditions to achieve their promised performance. • They are less tolerant to bad luminaire design. • The greatest forgotten factor is maintenance. 4

  5. Building design • The new use of glass to produce luminous façades . • Emitted light goes into the sky, increasing sky glow. 5

  6. Building design 6

  7. Building floodlighting • This needs to be done in a coherent manner. • Lighting from below renders façades differently. • Stray light tends to go straight into the sky — increased sky glow (pollution which reduces the enjoyment of the night sky by placing a veil of light over stars.) • Stray light greatly impedes optical astronomy. • Floodlighting from above: similar modelling to daylight and reduces sky glow. • Unsightly outriggers: added cost of retractable outriggers. 7

  8. City floodlighting 8

  9. Pedestrian dominated areas • Increasing interest in lighting pedestrian dominated areas of cities and towns to increase the amenity of those areas and to reduce the perceived and possibly real fear of crime. • Adequate vertical illuminances vital on people’s faces (for identification of features/intent) • Vital to minimise discomfort and disability problems due to luminaire and lamp luminances. • Sometimes, reflected light from façades can be used to achieve reasonable vertical illuminances, as well as increasing the surround (background luminances). 9

  10. Standards assist designers • Some countries have extensive standards to assist lighting designers in producing environmentally responsible, high quality outdoor lighting. • Australia: a good example re lighting pedestrian dominated outdoor areas/roads and the control of spill light. • Also CIE. • No national standards — use CIE Technical Reports or CIE Standards or the (good) standards of other countries. • IDA draft Model Lighting Ordinance. 10

  11. Education is essential • Competent, responsible lighting design requires people who understand how people react to light as well as the technology of light production, etc. • Lighting education, at the professional level, is probably best undertaken as a postgraduate study, building on the general design knowledge provided in engineering, architecture and related fields. • An example of such a course, one of the first in the English-speaking world is that at the University of Sydney which has always had a firm basis on both science/engineering and human factors. 11

  12. An education model

  13. Shanghai: what’s to come?

  14. Conclusions • lighting design is a complex activity • most clients appreciate the “value-adding” from a • competent lighting designer. • benefits come from both educated designers and users • better for society, designers, manufacturers and installers

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