The Future of Engineering Higher Education- Its Global Divestiture

1. Plenary Address ECEDHA - Engineering Profession Workshop November 14, 2005 Washington, D.C. The Future of Engineering Higher Education-Its Global Divestiture Dr. Lester Gerhardt Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York gerhal@rpi.edu

2. What’s Happening in… China • More Students in Colleges & Universities (20 million) than US, India, Russia, Japan • Doubled Number of S & E PhDs From 1996-2001 to Greater Than 8,000 • Beijing Geely University, one of 1,300 Private Universities – 20,000 Students @ $1,000/yr • Tsinghua University – the MIT of China – Most Faculty Studied Abroad, English Popular • Applications to US Down 60% in Last Two Years

3. What’s Happening in… India • More Stay in India for Higher Education Than Ever Before • 12,000 Seats in 54 Engineering Institutions • Berkeley, UCSD, CMU, Cornell, SUNY@Buffalo & Case Western • 3 Year MOU with India (AMRITA Univ.) for Satellite Learning • Network Funded by QUALCOMM, Microsoft, Cadence • Applications to US Down More Than 40% in Last Two Years

4. What’s Happening in… Malaysia • Private Universities Developed by Industry • Teaching in English Germany • BS, MS, PhD Degree Structure • Teaching in English • ECTS Everywhere

5. For The US – A Changing Scene • From a ‘Virtual Monopoly’ in Higher Education to Formidable International Competition • The ‘ATT Divestiture Equivalent for Higher Education’ • Single Digit Percentages of UG International Students • High Double Digit Percentages of Graduate International Students

6. A Contradiction? Engineering Has Held a Supremacy Role in the United States and in its Development BUT The US Now Graduates 15,000 Fewer Engineers Annually Than It Did 20 Years Ago AND Europe and Asia Produce 3-5 Times As Many Engineers As The US Which Are Available at 20%-30% the Cost of a US Engineer AND Many International Schools have Substantial Equivalency and Are Seeking Full Accreditation

7. A Typical University Circumstance • 70% International Applications • Admissions of International Students Constrained by the Need for Providing Full Tuition and Stipend • One Half of Graduate Student Body is International • One Half of Those are From China From Which US Applications Have Dropped 60% in Two Years

8. International Applications

9. US Graduate Enrollment in Science and Engineering – 2003* • All Time High of 474,203 • Up 4% Over 2002 • Up 9% Over 1993 • Full time Students at 72% • Growth in All Fields Except Computer Science • Postdoctoral Appointments at All Time High at 33,685 • Women at 42% • Up From 36% in 1993

10. US Graduate Enrollment in Science and Engineering – 2003* • Underrepresented Minorities Increased • First Time Full time Enrollment of Students with Temporary Visas Declined for the Second Year in a Row • Decline of 6% From 2001 to 2002 • Decline of 8% From 2002 to 2003 * http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf05317/

11. 2005 CGS International Graduate Admissions Survey III • Increase in First Time Enrollment • China-3%, India-3%, Korea-5%, Middle East-11% • First Time International Enrollment by Field • Engineering- up 3% • Physical Sciences- up 1%

12. The Rise of Competition in Graduate Education: Some Indicators • Europe produced more PhDs than US in 2003 • Asia produced more PhDs than US in 2003 • Application for Graduate Study in US is Down • Bachelors (3 Yr. Becoming Standard in EU), Masters, PhD Format Adopted in Europe & Asia • Cost • Cooperation within EU & within Asia • All seeking diverse student population • Increased Teaching in English

13. Barrier Erosion of Global Education • Technology • Travel • Distance Learning • Language • Diversity of Culture • Uniformity of Process • Best in Class • Multi-National Corporations & EWP • Competition & Cooperation

14. The Reality • A Technologically Borderless Planet • A Globally Interactive Economy • A Distributed Educational System • A Global Engineer is Needed • Balancing Cooperation and Competitive Position

15. Specific Emphasis On: • Globalization of Education • Distance Learning Proper Use of Advanced Technology Could and Should Accelerate Both

16. Generations of Distance Learning Technology* • Broadcast Technologies • Same Instructional Model • Interactive Video + Initial Internet Usage • Websites, Electronic Course Material (e.g. MIT) • Similar Instructional Model *Kim A. Scalzo, Director, Distributed Education & Multimedia, Rensselaer

17. Generations of Distance Learning Technology* • Internet Technologies • 2-way Communications + Collaboration • Increased Interaction between Students and with Professor • Virtual Learning • Online Conferencing, Chat Rooms • Needs Change in Instructional Model • Extension to Online Journal Publication (e.g. ASEE) *Kim A. Scalzo, Director, Distributed Education & Multimedia, Rensselaer

18. Generations of Distance Learning Technology* • Future Technologies • Wireless Devices (PDA, Blackberry, etc.) • Revolution in Instruction • Innovation in Learning *Kim A. Scalzo, Director, Distributed Education & Multimedia, Rensselaer

19. Distance Learning for ? • Undergraduate Students • Graduate Students Yes for BOTH

20. US Need for International Exchange • 96%of Humanity Lives Outside the U.S. Borders • 13 MillionAmericans in Higher Education • 175,000 (1.35%) of Those Have an International Education Experience Annually • 5,000 (0.04%) of Those are Engineering Students

21. “Crying in the Wilderness” United States Internationalization in Higher Education

22. Global Engineering Education ExchangeProgram Characteristics • Tuition Paid at Home Institution • Room & Board Paid at Host Institution • Zero Net Flow of Student Semesters • Geographically and Temporally Integrated • Full Credit Transfer of Courses • Policy on Grades Determined by Individual University Members • Course Data Bank • Voluntary

23. A Need For Global Quality Assurance • Students Exchanged • Courses and Credits Exchanged • Research Experiences Exchanged • Dual/Joint Degrees Mandates A Move From Substantial Equivalency To International Accreditation

24. The Future • Homogeneity of the Process • A Trend to Uniformity • Heterogeneity of the Students • A Trend to Diversity • Safety • Go Anywhere, Do Anything Insulating Bubble

25. Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices • English Becoming More Prevalent in Universities • DTU, Budapest University, Tohoku University, Nanyang University, etc. • Master Degree in Information Technology at TU Munich in English

26. Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices • Erasmus Program • Large Scale Partnerships Between European Universities • Joint Degree Programs • European Credit Transfer System – ECTS • Common Standards and Practices within Europe

27. Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices • ABET 2000 • Outcome Assessment Based • US and European Adoption • Bologna Declaration • More Unified Higher Education Approach • Two-Cycle Bachelor’s and Master’s Across Europe • Credit Accumulation System • Quality Assurance and Accreditation Systems

28. Heterogeneity of the Students • Large Number of International Graduate Students in the U.S. • 572,509 in ’03/’04 overall • 274,310 (of 1,893,736 US graduate students-14.5%) • U.S. and Asian Students Sought in European Universities • University Consortia – Global Draw • Virtual Universities • Country Independent

29. Internationalization

30. Internationalization

31. The Future • Changing Face of Competition • Traditional Campus Based University • Distance Learning Virtual University • Industry Based University • International Competition Increasing • A Global Virtual University • Degree Credit Requirements

33. Competition AND/or Cooperation

34. Required Aspects of Engineering Higher Education • Breadth and Depth • Academic and Research Integration • Flexibility • Disciplinary, Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary • Skill/Tool based • Communication and Language, Leadership, Entrepreneurship, ‘Work and Play Well’ with Others • Societal Impact Understanding and Appreciation

35. Selected Responsibilities of the University-Both Cultural and Technical • Integrate Research and Academic Programs • Match Global Needs With Degree Objectives • Individual and Collective Responsibility • Educational Outreach-Both K - 12 and EWP • Promote Diversity • Women-the Underrepresented Majority • Underrepresented Minorities • Leading and Reacting to Change

36. Engineering Educational Methodology • Current Popular Paradigm • Evolve Disciplinary to Multidisciplinary to Interdisciplinary • Evolve from the Simple to the Complex • Bottom up • An Alternative Paradigm* • Evolve Interdisciplinary to Multidisciplinary to Disciplinary • Evolve From the Complex to the Simple • Top down *Gary Gabriele- JEE, 7/05

37. Engineering-Commodity or Profession?

38. Engineering as a Profession • Click here for bullet

39. Engineering as a Profession • Degrees • Bachelors-Too much to learn, too few credits; core engineering; global experience; conflict of 3 yr. vs. 5 yr. degree • Masters-First Professional Degree • Doctorate (and postdoc) • Licensing • Accredited Professional degree, experience, continual renewal (EWP), and validation • Professional Organization • Leadership • National role in public policy, government, industry, university

40. The Future European Community United States Asian Community

41. Extending Global Markets Africa Latin America Middle East Other

42. Selected Issues: Pebbles, Rocks, Boulders Conflict of (Decreasing) Technological Time Constant with Longer Cultural/Societal Time Constants Privacy and Security Course Content and Quality Homogeneity of ‘Process’ and Heterogeneity of ‘Product’

43. Selected Issues: Pebbles, Rocks, Boulders • Measuring & Evaluating Outcome Assessment • A Seamless Flow of Basic and Continuing Education • Managing the Global University • Degree Granting • Differential Tuition • Balancing Cooperation & Competition

44. The Future University Sector PUSH Industry Sector PULL Industry Sector PULL University Sector PUSH

45. The Future Industry Sector PULL University Sector PUSH

46. Relentless Pursuit of Wisdom A Global Approach and Global Quality Assurance is the Only Long Term Option

47. The World is Flat • Click here for bullet