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THE WYCLIFFE BIBLE. Name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English that were made under the direction of John Wycliffe. John Wycliffe himself…. Lived mid-1320s to December 31, 1384 English theologian, translator, reformist at University of Oxford in 1350s
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THE WYCLIFFE BIBLE • Name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English that were made under the direction of John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe himself… • Lived mid-1320s to December 31, 1384 • English theologian, translator, reformist at University of Oxford in 1350s • Early protester in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century • Considered the founder of Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation • One of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power • Early advocate for translation of the Bible directly from the Vulgate into vernacular English in the year 1382, now known as the Wycliffe Bible
THE WYCLIFFE BIBLE • Name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English that were made under the direction of John Wycliffe • Appeared over a period from approximately 1382 to 1395 • Chief inspiration and chief cause of the Lollard Movement, a pre-Reformation that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the Roman Catholic Church
The Lollard Movement • Political and religious movement of the Lollards from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation • Demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity • Taught that piety was a requirement for a priest to be a "true" priest or to perform the sacraments, and that a pious layman had power to perform those same rites, believing that religious power and authority came through piety and not through the Church hierarchy • Emphasized the authority of the Scriptures over the authority of priests • Concept of the "Church of the Saved", meaning that Christ's true Church was the community of the faithful, which overlapped with but was not the same as the official Church of Rome • Taught a form of predestination
THE WYCLIFFE BIBLE • Name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English that were made under the direction of John Wycliffe • Appeared over a period from approximately 1382 to 1395 • Chief inspiration and chief cause of the Lollard Movement, a pre-Reformation that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the Roman Catholic Church • Most Christian people encountered the Bible only in the form of oral versions of scriptures, verses and homilies in Latin • Wycliffe’s idea was to translate the Bible into the language of the common people, giving them the chance to read the Bible and develop their own interpretation of it, rather than the Church’s condensed and biased version • Although unauthorized, the work was popular: most common manuscript literature in Middle English • Even twenty years after Wycliffe's death, at the Oxford Convocation of 1408, it was solemnly voted that no translation of the Bible should be made without prior approval
Wycliffe: Opening of JOHN’S GOSPEL In the bigynnynge was the word, that is, Goddis sone, and the word was at God, and God was the word. This was in the bigynnynge at God. Alle thingis ben maad by hym, and with outen him is maad noyt, that thing that is maad. Was lyf in him, and the lyf was the liyt of men; and the liyt schyneth in derknessis, and derknessis tooken not it. A man was sent fro God, to whom the name was Joon. This man cam in to witnessinge, that he schulde bere witnessinge of the liyt, that alle men schulden bileue bi him. He was not the liyt, but that he schulde bere witnessing of the liyt. It was verri liyt, which liytneth ech man comynge into this world. He was in the world, and the world was maad bi him, and the world knew him not. He cam in to his owne thingis, and hise receyueden not him. Forsothe hou manye euere receyueden him, he yaf to hem power for to be maad the sones of God, to hem that bileuen in his name; whiche not of blodis, nether of the will of fleisch, nether of the will of man, but ben born of God. And the word, that is, Goddis sone, is maad fleisch, `or man, and hath dwellid in vs, and we han seyn the glorie of him, the glorie as of the oon bigetun of the fadir, the sone ful of grace, and of treuthe. John berith witnessing of him, and cryeth, seyinge, This `it was, whom I seide, He that cometh aftir me, is maad bifore me, for he was `the formere than I; and of the plente of him we alle han takun, and grace for grace. For the lawe is youun by Moyses; forsoth grace and treuthe is maad by Jhesu Crist. No man euere syy God, no but the oon bigetun sone, that is in the bosum of the fadir, he hath told out. And this is the witnessing of John, whanne Jewis senten fro Jerusalem prestis and dekenys to hym, that thei schulden axe him, Who art thou?
Beginning of the Gospel of John in a copy of Wycliffe’s Bible
In the bigynnynge was the word, that is, Goddis sone, and the word was at God, and God was the word. This was in the bigynnynge at God. Alle thingis ben maad by hym, and with outen him is maad noyt, that thing that is maad. Was lyf in him, and the lyf was the liyt of men; and the liyt schyneth in derknessis, and derknessis tooken not it. A man was sent fro God, to whom the name was Joon. This man cam in to witnessinge, that he schulde bere witnessinge of the liyt, that alle men schuldenbileuebi him. He was not the liyt, but that he schulde bere witnessing of the liyt. It was verriliyt, which liytneth ech man comynge into this world. He was in the world, and the world was maad bi him, and the world knew him not. He cam in to his owne thingis, and hise receyueden not him. Forsothe hou manye euerereceyueden him, he yaf to hem power for to be maad the sones of God, to hem that bileuen in his name; whiche not of blodis, nether of the will of fleisch, nether of the will of man, but ben born of God. And the word, `that is, Goddis sone, is maad fleisch, `or man, and hath dwellid in vs, and we han seyn the glorie of him, the glorie as of the oon bigetun of the fadir, the sone ful of grace, and of treuthe. John berith witnessing of him, and cryeth, seyinge, This `it was, whom I seide, He that cometh aftir me, is maad bifore me, for he was the formere than I; and of the plente of him we alle han takun, and grace for grace. For the lawe is youun by Moyses; forsoth grace and treuthe is maad by Jhesu Crist. No man euere syy God, no but the oon bigetun sone, that is in the bosum of the fadir, he hath told out. And this is the witnessing of John, whanne Jewis senten fro Jerusalem prestis and dekenys to hym, that thei schulden axe him, Who art thou?
In the bigynnynge was the word, that is, Goddis sone, and the word was at God, and God was the word. This was in the bigynnynge at God. Alle thingis ben maad by hym, and with outen him is maad noyt, that thing that is maad. Was lyf in him, and the lyf was the liyt of men; and the liyt schyneth in derknessis, and derknessis tooken not it. A man was sent fro God, to whom the name was Joon. This man cam in to witnessinge, that he schulde bere witnessinge of the liyt, that alle men schulden bileue bi him. He was not the liyt, but that he schulde bere witnessing of the liyt. It was verriliyt, which liytneth ech man comynge into this world. He was in the world, and the world was maad bi him, and the world knew him not. He cam in to his owne thingis, and hise receyueden not him. Forsothe hou manye euere receyueden him, he yaf to hem power for to be maad the sones of God, to hem that bileuen in his name; whiche not of blodis, nether of the will of fleisch, nether of the will of man, but ben born of God. And the word, that is, Goddis sone, is maad fleisch, or man, and hath dwellid in vs, and we han seyn the glorie of him, the glorie as of the oon bigetun of the fadir, the sone ful of grace, and of treuthe. John berith witnessing of him, and cryeth, seyinge, This it was, whom I seide, He that cometh aftir me, is maad bifore me, for he was the formere than I; and of the plente of him we alle han takun, and grace for grace. For the lawe is youun by Moyses; forsoth grace and treuthe is maad by Jhesu Crist. No man euere syy God, no but the oon bigetun sone, that is in the bosum of the fadir, he hath told out. And this is the witnessing of John, whanne Jewis senten fro Jerusalem prestis and dekenys to hym, that thei schulden axe him, Who art thou?
John 1:17-18WEST SAXON 17For the Law was given through Moses; grace and truth were realized through Jesus Christ. 18No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in the bosom of the Father, For-þan þe lage wæs ge-seald þurh moysen. & gyfe & soðfæstnys ys ge-worðen þurh hælend crist. Ne ge-seah næfre nan man god bute se ankennede sune hyt kydde þe ys on hys fader bearme.
John 1:25-26 25They asked him, and said to him, "Why then are you baptizing, if you are not the Christ, nor Elijah, nor the Prophet?" 26John answered them saying, “I baptize in water, but among you stands One whom you do not know.” ænd hyo axoden hyne & cwæðen to hym. hwi fullast þu; gyf þu ne eart ne helyas ne wytega. Iohannes andswerede heom. Ic fullige on wæðere. to-middes eow stod þe ge ne cunnen.
WILLIAM TYNDALE’S JOHN In the beginnynge was the worde and the worde was with God: and the worde was God. The same was in the beginnynge with God. All thinges were made by it and with out it was made nothinge that was made. In it was lyfe and the lyfe was ye lyght of men and the lyghtshyneth in the darcknes but the darcknes comprehended it not. There was a man sent from God whose name was Iohn. The same cam as a witnes to beare witnes of the lyght that all men through him myght beleve. He was not that lyght: but to beare witnes of the lyght. That was a true lyght which lyghteth all men that come into the worlde. He was in ye worlde and the worlde was made by him: and yet the worlde knewe him not. He cam amonge his (awne) and his awne receaved him not. But as meny as receaved him to them he gave power to be the sonnes of God in yt they beleved on his name: which were borne not of bloude nor of the will of the flesshe nor yet of the will of man: but of God. And the worde was made flesshe and dwelt amonge vs and we sawe the glory of it as the glory of the only begotten sonne of ye father which worde was full of grace and verite. Iohn bare witnes of him and cryed sayinge: This was he of whome I spake he that cometh after me was before me because he was yer then I. And of his fulnes have all we receaved even (grace) for grace. For the lawe was geven by Moses but grace and truthe came by Iesus Christ. No ma hath sene God at eny tyme. The only begotte sonne which is in ye bosome of ye father he hath declared him. And this is the recorde of Iohn: When the Iewes sent Prestes and Levites from Ierusalem to axe him what arte thou? And he confessed and denyed not and sayde playnly: I am not Christ.
WYCLIFFE BIBLE: GENESIS …and God made sterris; and settide tho in the firmament of heuene, that tho schuldenschyne on erthe, and that tho schulden be bifore to the dai and nyyt, and schulden departe liyt and derknesse. And God seiy that it was good. And theeuentid and the morwetid was maad, the fourthe dai. Also God seide,The watris brynge forth a `crepynge beeste of lyuynge soule, and a brid fleynge aboue erthe vndur the firmament of heuene. And God made of nouyt grete whallis, and ech lyuynge soule and mouable, whiche the watris han brouyt forth in to her kyndis; and God made of nouyt ech volatile bi his kynde. And God seiy that it was good; and blesside hem, and seide, Wexe ye, and be ye multiplied, and fille ye the watris of the see, and briddis be multiplied on erthe. And the euentid and the morwetid was maad, the fyuethe dai. And God seide, The erthe brynge forth a lyuynge soul in his kynde, werk beestis, and crepynge beestis, andvnresonable beestis of erthe, bi her kyndis; and it was don so. And God made vnresonable beestis of erthe bi her kyndes, and werk beestis, `and ech crepynge beeste of erthe in his kynde.
THE NEW TESTAMENT…Jesus’ Death And whanne the sixte hour was come, derknessis weren made on al the erthe til in to the nynthe our. And in the nynthe our Jhesus criede with a greet vois, and seide, Heloy, Heloy, lamasabatany, that is to seie, My God, my God, whi hast thou forsakun me? And summe of men that stoden aboute herden, and seiden, Lo! he clepith Helye. And oon ranne, and fillide a spounge with vynegre, and puttide aboute to a reede, and yaf to hym drynke, and seide, Suffre ye, se we, if Helie come to do hym doun. And Jhesus yaf out a greet cry, and diede. And the veil of the temple was rent atwo fro the hiyeste to bynethe. But the centurien that stood forn ayens siy, that he so criynge hadde diede, and seide, Verili, this man was Goddis sone. And ther weren also wymmen biholdynge fro afer, among whiche was Marie Maudeleyn, and Marie, the modir of James the lesse, and of Joseph, and of Salome. And whanne Jhesus was in Galilee, thei folewiden hym, and mynystriden to hym, and many othere wymmen, that camen vp togidir with him to Jerusalem.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS And the Lord spak alle these wordis, Y am thi Lord God, that ladde thee out of the lond of Egipt, fro the hous of seruage. Thou schalt not haue alien goddis bifore me. Thou schalt not make to thee a grauun ymage, nethir ony licnesse of thing which is in heueneaboue, and which is in erthe bynethe, nether of tho thingis, that ben in watrisvndur erthe; thou schalt not herie tho, nether thou schalt worschipe; for Y am thi Lord God, a strongegelouse louyere; and Y visite the wickidnesse offadris in to the thridde and the fourthe generacioun of hem that haten me, and Y do mercy in to a thousynde, to hem that louen me, and kepen myn heestis. Thou schalt not take in veyn the name of thi Lord God, for the Lord schal not haue hym giltles, that takith in veyn the name of his Lord God. Haue thou mynde, that thou halowe the dai of the sabat; in sixe daies thou schalt worche and schalt do alle thi werkis; forsothe in the seuenthe day is the sabat of thi Lord God; thou schalt not do ony werk, thou, and thi sone, and thi douytir, and thi seruaunt, and thin handmaide, thi werk beeste, and the comelyng which is withynne thi yatis; for in sixe dayes God made heuene and erthe, the see, and alle thingis that ben in tho, and restide in the seuenthe dai; herfor the Lord blesside the dai of the sabat, and halewide it.
WHAT YEARS DID THE WYCLIFFE BIBLE APPROXIMATELY APPEAR? a) 1366-1379 b) 1380-1385 c) 1377-1390 d) 1382-1395
What is the word FULLIGE? a) baptize b) prophet c) fool d) commandment
THE NAME OF PROFESSOR STANTON’S BOOK THAT WAS PUBLISHED IN 2002 IS… a) A History of the English Language b) Analysis of the Wycliffe’s Bible c) The Culture of Translation in Anglo-Saxon England d) The Culture of Medieval English language
In the West Saxon Gospels, what is the word for Christ? a) Criste b) Hælend c) Iesus d) Ylija
What is the word HEESTIS? a) love b) head c) commandment d) labor
WHAT DOES PROFESSOR STANTON ATTRIBUTE ALL OF HIS SUCCESS TO? a) Dog Love b) Moose Love c) Monkey Love d) Bird Love
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