28.57143

3. 28.57143 35.71429 35.71429 100% 100% Exam 1 Exam 2 Aplia Score Predicted Grade E1 E2 A PG

4. Is the wage gap changing over time?

5. Sample from 2000 Census, when Trish would have been roughly 50 years old. Sample Selection Criteria: • Editor (2000 code=283) or Reporter (281) • Employed by Newspaper (2000 industry=647) • Worked more than half-time (more than 20 hours per week & 26 weeks per year) • Wage per hour

6. Table 1. Means of Dependent & Explanatory Variables

8. 2000 Census 1980 Census

9. Women Men

10. Median Annual Earnings of Full-Time Workers by Gender, 1960-2010 Earnings (thou. of 2010$) Male Female Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Income Tables, Table P-38. Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Median Earnings and Sex

11. Gender Earnings Gap for Full-Time, Full-Year Workers, 1960-2010 77.4 60.7 All Measures of the Gender Gap are Narrowing

12. Why is the gender earnings gap closing? • Increases in labor market experience of women • Increases in the education of women. • Decreases in unionization • Increases in the demand for intellectual skills relative to physical strength. • Shifts of women into higher paying occupations • Decreases in discrimination?

23. SOURCE: bechdeltest.com

26. By WALT HICKLEY Audiences and creators know that on one level or another, there’s an inherent gender bias in the movie business — whether it’s the disproportionately low number of films with female leads, the process of pigeonholing actresses into predefined roles (action chick, romantic interest, middle-aged mother, etc.), or the lack of serious character development for women on screen compared to their male counterparts. What’s challenging is quantifying this dysfunction, putting numbers to a trend that is — at least anecdotally — a pretty clear reality.

27. By WALT HICKLEY Audiences and creators know that on one level or another, there’s an inherent gender bias in the movie business — whether it’s the disproportionately low number of films with female leads, the process of pigeonholing actresses into predefined roles (action chick, romantic interest, middle-aged mother, etc.), or the lack of serious character development for women on screen compared to their male counterparts. What’s challenging is quantifying this dysfunction, putting numbers to a trend that is — at least anecdotally — a pretty clear reality.

28. By WALT HICKLEY Audiences and creators know that on one level or another, there’s an inherent gender bias in the movie business — whether it’s the disproportionately low number of films with female leads, the process of pigeonholing actresses into predefined roles (action chick, romantic interest, middle-aged mother, etc.), or the lack of serious character development for women on screen compared to their male counterparts. What’s challenging is quantifying this dysfunction, putting numbers to a trend that is — at least anecdotally — a pretty clear reality. What’s challenging is testing the hypothesis and measuring its magnitude.

29. “Using Bechdel test data, we analyzed 1,615 films released from 1990 to 2013 to examine the relationship between the prominence of women in a film and that film’s budget and gross profits.” Using data on the financial characteristics of movies released from 2005 to 2013 and their Bechdel scores, we test the hypothesis that ….