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Area of Knowledge: History

Area of Knowledge: History. Turan Ketene Chris Bunker Sam Giner Christine Rominski. What kind of Knowledge Claims are made?. Claims about why an event happened Ex: Why did the Civil War happen? Based on point of view, basic facts Examples:

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Area of Knowledge: History

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  1. Area of Knowledge: History Turan Ketene Chris Bunker Sam Giner Christine Rominski

  2. What kind of Knowledge Claims are made? • Claims about why an event happened • Ex: Why did the Civil War happen? • Based on point of view, basic facts • Examples: • New Deal was not a solution for the Great Depression • The navy did play an important role in the Vietnam War

  3. How are they justified? Are any particular methods or tests used or required? • Pragmatic, Coherence, Correspondence • Reason, Emotion • Methods: • Pick out evidence that fits • Assemble in various ways, like a puzzle • Apply claims, analyze • Justified through • Research of historical evidence • Analysis of historical evidence • Example: Howard Zin uses newspapers and books from the times to analyze and make a historical claim

  4. Is there a particular community of peers or experts who review or evaluate knowledge claims? • Yes • Peer review • Peer review communities • Example: International Journal of Anthropology • Historians

  5. To what extent does the general public take part in evaluating knowledge claims? • Evaluate for themselves • Decide whether to believe the claim or not • Influenced by culture, sense of pride of nationality/ethnicity • Everyone has own “distortion” of history so what they choose to believe has to fit

  6. Do changes in history/society/economic conditions/culture influence knowledge claims? • Yes; history is supposed to record these changes and analyze them  knowledge claims need to fit these changes • Example: Cultural change, historian needs to interpret the change and make a new knowledge claim

  7. To what extent are particular ways of knowing (sense perception, reason, language, emotion) used in justifying claims? • Methods of justification • Language • Reason • Most actual evidence in history stems from ancient records and information, which take the form of language. • Records are typically incomplete, therefore require interpretation to build an accurate idea of history • Use reason: completing and inferring information from records. • Opinions of a group of experts come into play to ensure that the information decided upon remains consistent with the known historical record. • Examples: • Egypt’s Rosetta Stone • Livy’s history of Rome.

  8. What do you view as particular strengths or weaknesses in justifying claims? • Most striking feature of the justification of historical claims as opposed to other knowledge claims is the way by which they are included in the historical record. • Typically a claim must be agreed upon by a panel of “experts” • Compared to existing records, before being certified as fact. • Strength: the comparison ensures that all new information is consistent with accepted fact • Weakness: inherently conservative—it is difficult to gain acceptance for new ideas.

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