Long-term Ecological Monitoring Plots as Sentinel Sites for Emerging Infectious Disease

1. Long-term Ecological Monitoring Plots as Sentinel Sites for Emerging Infectious Disease Katey Pelican, D.V.M., Ph.D Ecosystem Health Initiative University of Minnesota Co-PIs Bob Wirtz, CDC Jeff Bender, UMN CAHFS Eric Hoberg, USDA Stuart Davies, Smithsonian SIGEO Dan Brooks, U. of Toronto Kimberly Lindblade, CDCPeter Daszak, CCM Jon Epstein, CCM Smithsonian

2. Emerging disease trends Jones et al 2008

3. Emerging disease hotspots Jones et al 2008

4. Disease in Livestock • Mad Cow Disease • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome • Bovine Tuberculosis • Bluetongue

5. Disease in Wildlife • Canine Distemper • Lions • Black-footed ferrets • Fibropapilloma • Sea turtles • Chytridiomycosis • Amphibians • Chronic Wasting Disease • Cervids • Tazmanian Devil Facial Tumour Disease

6. Stages of Pathogen Evolution Wolfe, ND, et al. Nature. May 2007.

7. Microbiome • 100 trillion microbes (gut) • Billions of species (estimate) • Tiny fraction characterized

8. Pathogen life cycles Human Demographics and Behavior EID Microbial evolution and population structure Land use, change and management Domestic animal disease and management Natural resource use and management Biodiversity Wildlife population health, biology and ecology Climate change Vector Ecology Ecosystem function and characteristics Host-pathogen interactions

11. Expansion of Network • Expand to temperate zone • Carbon • Paleoecology • Vertebrates • Invertebrates • Plant traits

12. SIGEO/CTFS Pathogen Workshop Long-term Ecological Monitoring Plots as Sentinel Sites for Emerging Infectious Disease Panama City, Panama April 20 – 22, 2009

13. Workshop Participants

14. Workshop Aim To develop: targeted research projects long-term monitoring strategies for microbes, parasites and pathogens in the context of: • basic forest ecological processes; • the ecology of emerging infectious disease; • mechanisms and patterns of microbial population changes • infectious disease surveillance.

15. Goals of Workshop • Provide information/background on the CTFS/SIGEO network of long-term ecological monitoring sites • brainstorm novel strategies for emerging and endemic disease surveillance and detection • Identify target vertebrate and invertebrate populations for research and monitoring of endemic and emerging infectious disease • Identify target plots to initiate research and monitoring on endemic and emerging disease. • Develop long-term monitoring protocols for improving understanding of the link between environmental change, pathogen evolution, vertebrate biodiversity, and disease emergence • Brainstorm about potential targeted pilot projects using the forest plot network for emerging infectious disease research. • Establish key collaborative partnerships among workshop participants and others to ensure the implementation of strategic preliminary emerging disease research projects with the goal of seeking funding through a competitive grant process (USAID, R01, R21).

16. Rules of Workshop • This is OUR workshop • We can change if we need to • Think across disciplines, include other disciplines in your thinking • Think outside the box • This is a grand challenge- lets think at a grand scale • Lets get something done

20. OUTCOMES • Goals for SIGEO Pathogen Program • Develop a long-term research and monitoring program using the SIGEO plot system aimed at understanding the relationship between anthropogenic change, biodiversity and disease ecology. • Use the network to determine disease processes associated with ‘hot spot’ versus ‘cold spot’ ecosystems.

21. 10 Year Plan Expand the SIGEO plot network to include replicated anthropogenic change ‘gradients’ in select sites (12-16 sites – hot spot versus cold spot). Forest Plot

22. 2 Year Plan • Develop a pilot project in Panama based as a test case for the greater SIGEO project • 4 potential sources of ‘pilot’ funds: • Internal CDC Grant looking at climate change and disease • Internal UMN CVM Grant looking at Ecosystem Health • Internal SIGEO funds for high priority projects • NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Disease

23. Why Panama? • Home of SIGEO network • Most infrastructure and activity and history • Already related projects to tie into: • Hanta virus study with banked rodent tissue from Southern Panama. • Emerging mosquito biodiversity project led by EPA and Gorgas Institute. • Ongoing ecology studies on: Bats, small mammals, primates, invertebrates. • Strong in-country partner- Gorgas Institute

24. >5,300 species

25. Rainfall Gradient Panama site BCI Forest Plot Highway

26. Pilot Project 1-Developing the Program • Identify what SIGEO plots to target for gradient plot expansion. • Plan out pilot gradient system for Panama • Develop two ‘steps’ of the 4 step gradient with replicates – ‘intact’ and ‘degraded’. • Validate methodology and target species (hosts, vectors, pathogens) • If possible use banked rodent tissues from the Hanta virus project and other historic tissue from Panama to screen for other pathogens as preliminary proof of concept.

27. Pilot Project 2: Climate Change Use 2 step gradient along the rainfall cline to look at the interaction of changes in rainfall and anthropogenic alterations to landscape. At each site trap: Mosquitoes – dengue, Flavivirus, alphavirus and Bunyavirus Ticks – rickettsial diseases Small mammals – Hanta, dengue Birds – Flavivirus Measure: Air temperature Rainfall Host/vector biodiversity Pathogen genetic diversity

28. >5,300 species