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Special Reactions

Special Reactions. Remember these!!!. Acid-Base (Neutralization). When an acid is mixed with a base, a salt and water are formed. HNO 3 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaNO 3 (aq) + HOH (l). ionic salt. acid. base. water. Nonmetal Oxides in Water.

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Special Reactions

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  1. Special Reactions Remember these!!!

  2. Acid-Base (Neutralization) • When an acid is mixed with a base, a salt and water are formed. HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + HOH (l) ionic salt acid base water

  3. Nonmetal Oxides in Water • A nonmetal oxide is known as an acid anhydride. When mixed with water, it forms an acid. (This is the cause of acid rain.) SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq)

  4. Metal Oxides in Water • If a metal oxide, also called a base anhydride, is mixed with water, a base is formed. Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2 NaOH(aq)

  5. Combustion • Combustion of substances containing carbon will form carbon dioxide gas. 2 CO(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g) • Combustion of substances containing carbon and hydrogen will form carbon dioxide and water. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

  6. Incomplete Combustion • If not enough oxygen is present when burning a hydrocarbon, the result is the formation of carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. 2 CH4(g) + 3 O2(g)  2 CO(g) + 4 H2O(g)

  7. Chlorates • When heated, chlorates will decompose into their respective chloride salts and oxygen gas. 2 KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g) Mg(ClO3)2 (s) MgCl2(s)+ 3 O2(g) 2 Al(ClO3)3(s) 2 AlCl3(s)+ 9 O2(g)

  8. Carbonates • Carbonates will often decompose into the metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas. K2CO3(s) K2O(s) + CO2(g) MgCO3(s) MgO(s)+ CO2(g) Al2(CO3)3(s) Al2O3(s)+ 3 CO2(g)

  9. Carbonic Acid • Carbonic acid, H2CO3, will spontaneously decompose into carbon dioxide and water. H2CO3(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) If carbonic acid is a product of a reaction, it will decompose. One should NEVER have carbonic acid as a final product!

  10. Carbonates and acids • When a carbonate is mixed with an acid, carbonic acid is usually a product. Recall that carbonic acid spontaneously decomposes into carbon dioxide and water! • 2 HCl (aq) + MgCO3(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2CO3 (aq)  2 HCl (aq) + MgCO3(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

  11. Oxidation and Reduction (Redox) • Electrons are transferred Each sodium atom loses one electron: Each chlorine atom gains one electron:

  12. How do you know if it’s Oxidation or Reduction? An old memory device for oxidation and reduction goes like this… LEO says GER LoseElectrons = Oxidation GainElectrons = Reduction

  13. LEO says GER : Lose Electrons = Oxidation Sodium is oxidized Gain Electrons = Reduction Chlorine is reduced

  14. Reducing Agents and Oxidizing Agents • The substance reduced is the oxidizingagent • The substance oxidized is the reducingagent Sodium is oxidized – it is the reducing agent Chlorine is reduced – it is the oxidizing agent

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