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Georgia Studies. Chapter 11. Section 1—The Roaring Twenties. Vocabulary Jazz The blues Boll weevil Great Migration. The New Woman. 1920 – 19 th Amendment gave women the right to vote More women in the workforce
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Georgia Studies Chapter 11
Section 1—The Roaring Twenties • Vocabulary • Jazz • The blues • Boll weevil • Great Migration
The New Woman • 1920 – 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote • More women in the workforce • Flappers: name given to women who took on the new fashion – known for short hair, make-up, dancing, drinking • First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie Kempton Crowell & Viola Ross Napier • Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S. Senate
Music • Speakeasies: clubs known for having liquor (which was illegal) • Jazz: became popular music – Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington • Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous jazz club • Blues: based on black folk music – Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith • The Charleston was the popular dance
Crime • Prohibition: laws made sale and distribution of alcohol illegal • Gangsters supplied liquor to speakeasies and clubs • Famous gangsters from New York and Chicago: Al Capone; Baby Face Nelson • Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1”
Life in the Roaring Twenties • Life in US after World War I was good • More modern conveniences freed women from household chores • Electricity became more available • Other inventions included gas stoves, toasters, sliced bread, baby food • Radio: WSB started in Atlanta • 1927: first talking motion picture • Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse
The Destruction of King Cotton • Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop • Price of cotton also dropped • 1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia • Georgia farmers did not have the “good life” that many Americans enjoyed • Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related business to close
The Great Migration • Many tenant farmers left Georgia to work in northern factories • Chicago and Detroit were popular destinations • Many African Americans moved north for better pay, education, and more citizenship rights such as voting • Young men sent north first to get jobs; sent for the family when they had saved enough money
The Klan Strengthens • Targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants • Number of members increased in every state • 1925: Klan march on Washington with 40,000 members • Declining membership by the end of the decade as members were linked to racial terrorism
A Special Day • 1927: Charles Lindbergh became first person to fly nonstop from New York to Paris • 3,600 mile trip, 33 ½ hours – traveled alone • No navigation or weather instruments • Won $25,000 prize • “Spirit of St. Louis” was his plane Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 2—The Great Depression • Vocabulary • Stock market • Great Depression • laissez-faire • relief
The Bottom Drops Out • Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold • “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth • Total losses by end of year: $40 billion • Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share – dropped to $22 per share • Some stocks worth less than 1¢
Causes of the Depression • Many people had borrowed too much money • Factories produced more goods than they could sell • As people and businesses had problems making money, banks did not get paid for loans • “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up • Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank • laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone
Living Through the Depression • 1932: 13 million unemployed • 9,000 banks closed • 31 Georgia banks failed • Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover – shacks where homeless people gathered • Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments to feed hungry • Schools were often forced to close or shorten schedules • Georgians were already suffering from economic problems before Black Tuesday
Easing the Burden • President Hoover’s plan: government would buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price • Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy • Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government • Plan did not employ enough people to really help Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 3—The New Deal • Vocabulary • New Deal • minimum wage • stretch out • collective bargaining • rural electrification • subsidy • integrate • People to know • Franklin D. Roosevelt • Richard B. Russell • Ellis Arnall • Eugene Talmadge
The New Deal • 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president • New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression • Examined banks for soundness • Give jobs to unemployed workers • Tried to improve American’s lives • Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work
Georgia and the New Deal • NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set minimum wage • Textile mill owners did not like the minimum wage • Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers work longer, faster, or more tasks • TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built • CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc. • REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought electric power to rural areas
African Americans During the New Deal • Did not benefit from many New Deal programs • WPA: Works Public Administration – did employ many African Americans • Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African Americans working with President Roosevelt: • Mary McLeod Bethune • Clark Foreman • Robert Weaver • William Hastie
Georgia’s New Deal Governors • Richard B. Russell • Worked to reorganize state government like a successful business • Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years • Eugene Talmadge • Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia • Eurith “Ed” Rivers • Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in Georgia • Began programs for public housing • Term ended with corruption problems
Georgia’s New Deal Governors • Talmadge re-elected in 1940 • Began to use some New Deal programs • Used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges • Ellis Arnall • Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons • Removed poll tax • New state constitution Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 4—World War II • Vocabulary • isolationism • dictator • appeasement • World War II • Holocaust • ration • G.I. Bill
Increasing Tensions • Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength
The War Begins • 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland) • Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland • Great Britain and France declared war • Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany • By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain
A Neutral United States • Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain • Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union • Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union • American ships began escorting British ships in convoys
“A Day that Will Live in Infamy” • President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries • Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped • The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 • Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean • The USA declared war on Japan • Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
American Military Forces • Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor • 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles • Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units • Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force
The War in Europe • 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa • 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies • American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe • D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern France • Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France • April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide
Georgia Loses a Friend • President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs • His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs • April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs • Millions of Georgians and Americans mouned • Vice President Harry Truman became president
The War in the Pacific • 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region • 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands • Japan refused to surrender • President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs to force Japan’s surrender • Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan • Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Over 50 million people died in the war
The Holocaust • The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people • Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed • 6 million people killed in the Holocaust
Georgia During World War II • 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed • Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy • Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer • Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing) • Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war • Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food • POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases
The War’s Effects on Society • Everyone was expected to help in the war effort • Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war • G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life • Low cost loans for homes or business • College education opportunities • Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war Click to return to Table of Contents.
