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aldehydes and ketones

Aldehydes: Structure and Nomenclature. General formula: RCHO or RCH=OThe aldehyde group is always at the end of a chainIUPAC system: Select the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the C=O group and replace the ending by the suffix al.The CHO group is assigned the number 1 position and takes precedence over other functional groups that may the present such as

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aldehydes and ketones

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    1. Aldehydes and Ketones By: Dr. Siham Lahsasni

    3. Aromatic aldehydes are usually designated as derivatives of the simplest aromatic aldehyde, Benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde p-Nitrobenzaldehyde o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde p-Methoxtbenzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde Anisaldehyde

    4. Ketones: Structure and Nomenclature General formula: RCOR’ (R and R’=alkyl or aryl) Common name: listing the alkyl substitutents attached to the carbonyl group, followed by the word ketone. IUPAC system: relpace the ending –e by the suffix –one. The chain is numbred in such a way as give the lowest number to the C=O group. Common Dimethyl ketone Methyl phenyl ketone Methyl vinyl ketone Diphenyl ketone Acetone Acetophenone Benzophenone IUPAC Propanone Phenyl ethanone 3-Buten-2-one Diphenylmethanone

    6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KETONES AND ALDEHYDE Because the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds. Dipole-dipole attractions, although important, are not as strong as intractions due to hydrogen bonding. As a result, the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than those of nonpolar alkanes, but lower than those of alcohols. The lower aldehydes and ketones are soluble.

    7. Preparation of aldehydes and ketones 1- Oxidation of alcohols 2- Reduction of acid chloride

    8. 3- Ozonolysis of alkenes 4- Hydration of alkynes

    12. REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

    13. 1- reduction of carbonyl group a- Addition of metal hydride

    14. b- Addition of Grignard Reagents: Formation of alcohols

    15. c- Clemmenson reduction d- The Wolf-kishner reduction

    16. e- Wittig reaction

    17. 2- Oxidation reaction a- b- Tollenis test c- Iodoform reaction

    18. 3- Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide: Formation of cynohydrins 4- Addition of acetylide ions:

    19. 5- Addition of alcohols:

    20. 6- Addition of Ammonia and Ammonia Derivatives

    21. 7- Aldol condensation The reaction occurs in any aldehyde or ketone containing a hydrogen:

    22. 8- Cannizzaro reaction Aldehyde which does not contain a hydrogen undergoes Cannizzaro reaction.

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