Personality Assessment Inventory ™ (PAI ® )

1. Personality Assessment Inventory™ (PAI®) Leslie C. Morey, PhD Texas A&M University

2. PAI • Self-administered, objective inventory of adult personality • Provides information on critical clinical variables

3. PAI Scales • 344 items • Comprising 22 nonoverlapping full scales • 4 Validity scales • 11 Clinical scales • 5 Treatment Consideration scales • 2 Interpersonal scales

4. Applications of the PAI • PAI developed and standardized on a sample of adults ages 18 years and older • Written at a 4th grade reading level • 344 items take approximately 50 minutes to complete

5. Overview of PAI Administration and Scoring • PAI is easy to administer and score • Can be administered by technicians who are trained in the administration of self-report tools

6. PAI Critical Items • 27 Critical Items on the PAI • Critical Items are identified as indicators of potential crisis situations and have very low endorsement in normal sample • Critical Items facilitate follow-up questioning

7. General Interpretation • Interpretation should only be performed by professionals trained in the interpretation of psychological tests • Interpretive guidelines are provided in the Professional Manual • Interpretive software is also availablethat provides a comprehensiveindividualized report

8. Test Materials for the PAI • Item Booklet contains the test items • Answer Sheets: Form HS (Hand-Scorable) and Form SS (Scannable) • Profile Forms available for adults and for college students

9. Development of the PAI • Based on a construct validation framework emphasizing rational as well as quantitative framework • Strong emphasis on the development and selection of items • Nonoverlapping nature of scales is critical

10. Development of the PAI (cont’d) • Ten steps in the development of the PAI: • Test users surveyed, literature reviewed, and current diagnostic schemas used to develop item content • Scale content areas defined • Scale and subscales selected

11. Development of the PAI (cont’d) • Development of initial 2,200 items • Reduction of item pool to 1,086 items based on research team ratings • Review by external bias panel and expert judges reduced item pool to 776 items • Alpha version (776 items) analyzed

12. Development of the PAI (cont’d) • Item deletions and revisions to produce a 597-item beta version • Beta version tested and analyses conducted • Standardization version (344 items) produced following further reliability and validity analyses

13. Reliability • Variety of internal consistency alphas across three samples (1,000 normative; 1,051 college student; 1,246 clinical) • Median alphas for full scales are .81, .82, and .86 for the normative, college, and clinical samples, respectively

14. Reliability (cont’d) • Median test-retest reliability across all three samples was .83 • Mean absolute T-score change tended to be 2 to 3 T-score points for most full scales

15. Validity • Four Validity scales built into PAI • Inconsistency and Infrequency assess deviation from conscientious responding • Negative Impression and Positive Impression assess impression management

16. Validity (cont’d) • 1,000 computer-generated random response protocols were compared against profiles from the three subsamples and there was marked separation • Fake-good and fake-bad studies also conducted on a sample of 90 adults

17. Validity (cont’d) • Comparison of fake-good and fake-bad profiles to those from the normal and clinical samples revealed clear separation • Response set studies also conducted using 1,000 computer-generated profiles for each response set type

18. Validity (cont’d) • These simulation studies suggest that the Validity scales would capture a large majority of invalid protocols

19. Validity Correlations for the PAI Validity Scales

20. PAI-SP Clinical Reports • PAI-SP software generates PAI Clinical Reports from on-screen PAI administration or hand-entry of item responses or raw scores from a PAI paper-and-pencil administration • Clinical Report includes PAI full-scale and subscale profiles

21. PAI Clinical Report Full Scale Profile • Includes all 22 nonoverlapping scales • 4 Validity scales: ICN, INF, NIM, and PIM • 11 Clinical scales: SOM, ANX, ARD,DEP, MAN, PAR, SCZ, BOR, ANT,ALC, and DRG • 5 Treatment Consideration scales: AGG, SUI, STR, NON, and RXR • 2 Interpersonal scales: DOM and WRM

22. PAI-SP Clinical Report Full Scale Profile - Antisocial Personality Disorder Example

23. PAI Clinical Report Subscale Profile • Includes nine Clinical scales and one Treatment Consideration scale with their respective subscales • Somatic Complaints: SOM-C, SOM-S,and SOM-H • Anxiety: ANX-C, ANX-A, and ANX-P • Anxiety-Related Disorders: ARD-O, ARD-P, and ARD-T

24. PAI Clinical Report Subscale Profile (cont’d) • Depression: DEP-C, DEP-A, and DEP-P • Mania: MAN-A, MAN-G, and MAN-I • Paranoia: PAR-H, PAR-P, and PAR-R • Schizophrenia: SCZ-P, SCZ-S, and SCZ-T • Borderline Features: BOR-A, BOR-I, BOR-N, and BOR-S

25. PAI Clinical Report Subscale Profile (cont’d) • Antisocial Features: ANT-A, ANT-E,and ANT-S • Aggression: AGG-A, AGG-V, and AGG-P

26. PAI-SP Clinical Report Subscale Profile - Antisocial Personality Disorder Example

27. Selected PAI References • Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality Assessment Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. • Morey, L. C. (1996). An interpretive guide to the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. • Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality Assessment Inventory professional manual (2nd ed.). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. • Morey, L. C., & Hopwood, C. J. (2007). Casebook for the Personality Assessment Inventory: A structural summary approach. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.