Preview Starting Points Map: Resources of Great Britain Main Idea / Reading Focus

2. Preview Starting Points Map: Resources of Great Britain Main Idea / Reading Focus A Revolution in Great Britain A Revolution in Textiles Steam Powers the Revolution Faces of History: James Watt Industrialization Spreads A New Kind of Revolution

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4. A New Kind of Revolution Main Idea In the 1700s conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth of the textile industry, which in turn led to huge changes in many other industries. • Reading Focus • Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? • How did industrialization cause a revolution in the production of textiles? • How did steam power the Industrial Revolution? • Where did industrialization spread beyond Great Britain?

5. Factors for Success Agricultural Factors • Exploration and colonialism • Seapower • Political stability • Government support • Growth of private investment • Research and development on farms • Jethro Tull, seed drill • Improved livestock breeding • Better varieties of food crops • Increased food supply • Population grew • Enclosure movement A Revolution in Great Britain During the 1700s changes in technology began based on the use of power-driven machinery. This era is called the Industrial Revolution.

6. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. Had essential elements for economic success Factors of production Land Labor Capital Britain’s Big Advantage

7. Find the Main Idea Why was Great Britain in the 1700s ideally suited to be the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution? Answer(s): Colonies around the world supplied raw materials; powerful navy and merchant fleet facilitated trade; waterways provided power and transportation; enclosure movement led to large labor supply; private investors provided funds for investment; coal and iron deposits provided needed resources

8. New Way of Making Cloth Cloth-making in Factories • Fabric made of wool or cotton • Supply of fibers increased in the 1700s • Slave labor in America • Invention of cotton gin • Invention of spinning jenny • Invention of flying shuttle • Cottages too small • Factory invented • Power for factories? • Water frame for water power • Output increased 8x by 1770 A Revolution in Textiles • Textile Industry • Beginning of Industrial Revolution • Weaving was a cottage industry • Labor performed at home • Industrialization transformed this

9. Identify Problem and Solution How did machines solve problems that weavers faced? Answer(s): spinning jenny and spinning frame spun thread into yarn, "flying shuttle" and power loom made weaving faster

10. Coal for Steam Engines Development of Steam Engine • Steam engines needed large amounts of fuel • Wood scarce • Coal mining industry • Changing landscapes • Dangers of mining • First successful steam engine in 1712 • Innovations by James Watt • Steam power versus water power • Steam locomotives • Steamships • Robert Fulton Steam Powers the Revolution

12. Make Generalizations What impact did the steam engine have on the growth of British industry? Answer(s): major impact; used in textile mills, factories could be located away from rivers, powered locomotives and ships, led to development of coal as a resource, more factories built near northern coal mines

13. Why Western Countries? America Europe • Political liberty • Freedom to compete • Rewards reaped • Exploitation and improvements • British restrictions • Hamilton, 1791 • Samuel Slater • Water frame • Slater’s Mill • Lowell’s Mill • Belgium, 1807 • France, 1815 • Germany, 1850 • Railroads • Treaties Industrialization Spreads Industrialization soon spread to western Europe and the United States. Other regions did not industrialize in the 1800s. What was it about Western countries that encouraged them to embrace industry?

14. Eventually, industry spread to Asia. Japan first in 1868 Meiji government The 1900s—industrialization for China India Russia Industry in Asia

15. Compare and Contrast How did industrialization in Britain compare to the process in America and Europe? Answer(s): Britain industrialized first, America and Europe benefited from earlier inventions; Lowell factory in Massachusetts was first all-in-one mill; political issues delayed industrial development in continental Europe

16. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Production before Factories Factories and Factory Towns The Factory System and Workers Quick Facts: Effects of the Factory System Factories and Mass Production Factories and Workers

17. Factories and Workers Main Idea The transition from cottage industries changed how people worked in factories, what life was like in factory towns, labor conditions, and, eventually, processes within factories. • Reading Focus • How was production organized before factories? • What were factories and factory towns like? • How did the factory system affect workers? • What was mass production, and what were its effects?

18. Work in the Home Problems for Cottage Industries • Raw materials delivered • Work done to completion • Merchant takes product to market • Workers controlled schedules, quality • Family life revolved around business • Destruction of equipment • Time to learn skills • Physical strength required • Factory owners took advantage of drawbacks Production before Factories

19. Find the Main Idea What were some benefits of the cottage system of production? Answer(s): workers made decisions about when to work, rest, and eat, how much to produce; family could adjust work schedule, all family members could be involved

20. Factories and Factory Towns • Where employees worked • Major change from cottage industry • Had to leave home to work • Hardships for some workers • Working in a factory • Dangerous work for all • Long workdays • Poor factory conditions common • Life in factory towns • Towns grew up around factories • Towns, factories rose near coal mines • Sanitation poor in many factory towns

21. Identify Supporting Details What are some facts that illustrate the difficulties of factory work? Answer(s): injuries, long workdays, noise, lack of ventilation, poor sanitation, inadequate food

22. The Factory System and Workers • Workers in a New Economy • Wealthy to invest in, own factories • Mid-level to run factories • Low-level to run machines • Cottage Workers’ Unrest • Handmade goods more expensive than factory made • Luddite movement, 1811 • Violence spread, 1812 • Changing Labor Conditions • No government regulation • Labor unions organized • Strikes brought change • New Class of Workers • Growth of middle class • Managers, accountants, engineers, mechanics, salesmen • Economy increased

24. Identify Cause and Effect How did the factory system affect different groups? Answer(s): Different groups that were part of the factory system became part of the middle class.

25. Mass Production Effects • Mass production began in U.S. • Elements: • Interchangeable parts • Assembly line • Production and repair more efficient • Production more swift • Dramatic increase in production • Businesses charged less • Affordable goods • More repetitious jobs • Soon became norm Factories and Mass Production The factory system changed the world of work. In addition, new processes further changed how people worked in factories.

26. Summarize What was mass production? Answer(s): a system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items

27. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus New Ideas about Economics Competing Economic Views Effects on Society Quick Facts: Effects of Industrialization on Women Map: Industrialized Europe New Ideas in a New Society

28. Preview, continued Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of Industrialization New Ideas in a New Society

29. New Ideas in a New Society Main Idea The Industrial Revolution inspired new ideas about economics and affected society in many ways. • Reading Focus • What new ideas about economics developed during the Industrial Revolution? • What competing economic ideas arose as a result? • How did the Industrial Revolution affect society?

30. Capitalism and Competition New Roles for Business Leaders • Old mercantile system restricted trade • Laissez-faire economics • Adam Smith, market economy • Thomas Malthus, poverty unavoidable • Industrialization succeeded and spread • Shift in wealth and power • Entrepreneur • Banking and finance • Andrew Carnegie, rags to riches • Robber barons New Ideas about Economics

31. Summarize What were some of the new ideas about economics? Answer(s): mercantilism gave way to capitalism and competition, laissez-faire economics and The Wealth of Nations allowed for increased role of entrepreneur

32. Robert Owen Karl Marx • More hopeful than Malthus • Socialism • Society owns property • Society controls business • Model industrial town • New Harmony • Social democracy • More radical socialism • Predicted collapse of capitalism • Das Kapital • Communism • Government • owns means of production • controls economic planning Competing Economic Views Not everyone agreed that laissez-faire capitalism was good. Two who took a different stance were Robert Owen and Karl Marx.

33. Infer Why did capitalism provoke strong response from the socialists? Answer(s): Socialists blamed capitalism for harsh working conditions, polluted cities, and the big gaps between rich and poor.

34. Home Life Countries Societies • Worlds of work and home separated • “Separate spheres” • Business world-without moral controls • Women-moral guidance at home • Industry-great power • Control of other nations’ economies • Industrialization of United States • Period of immigration to United States • Increase in wealth • Standard of living improved • Leisure time • Changes to many aspects of life: • Art • Politics • Transportation Effects on Society The rise of new economic ideas was among the countless effects of the Industrial Revolution. The shift away from cottage industries also affected home life and the roles of women in society.

37. Identify Cause and Effect What were some of the major effects industrialization had on families and countries? Answer(s): families—wealth, leisure time, better educated; countries—increased power, wealth, and living standards; overcrowding of cities, pollution, rapid population growth

39. VideoThe Impact of Industrialization Click above to play the video.

41. Preview Starting Points Map: Urban Growth in the Industrial Age Main Idea / Reading Focus Electric Power Faces of History: Thomas Edison Advances in Transportation Map: U.S. Railroads Advances in Communication Advances in Technology

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43. Advances in Technology Main Idea The technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Age included advances in electric power, transportation, and communication. • Reading Focus • How did electric power affect industry and daily life? • What advances in transportation occurred during the Industrial Age? • What were the advances in communication, and how were they achieved?

44. Early Attempts Edison’s Lightbulb • Scientists interested in electricity for centuries • Ben Franklin, 1700s • Michael Faraday discovered magnetism, electricity connection 1831 • Dynamo powered electric motor • Swan developed primitive lightbulb, 1860 • First usable, practical lightbulb invented 1879 • Edison’s lightbulb came through trial and error and many hours of work in lab • Other inventions: • Generators • Motors • Light sockets • Electric power plant Electric Power As the Industrial Age progressed in the late 1800s, one technology changed industry and daily life more than any other-electricity.

46. Electric power transformed industry in Europe and the United States Improved industry in 3 significant ways Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines Factories did not have to depend on waterways to power steam engines Factories became less dependent on sunlight, increased production Improved daily life Cheaper, more convenient light source than gas, oil Other electrical devices soon created Effects on Industry and Daily Life

47. Analyze How did electricity change industry and daily life? Answer(s): Factories no longer needed steam engines or water sources to power them; production increased; people could light their homes and businesses more safely and effectively with electric lighting.

48. Improvements in Steel Steam Powered Trains • Bessemer process, forcing air through molten metal to burn out impurities, strengthen steel • Factories increased production of locomotives, tracks • Stronger steel used to build bridges • 30,000 mile network of railroads linking major American cities, 1860 • New railroads helped grow cities in American West • Boats on canals, rivers best for long-distance travel, in early 1800s • With development of efficient steam engines, trains replace boats • Trains could carry heavy loads, traveled faster than watercraft • World’s first rail line, Britain 1830 • 3,000 miles of railroads, Eastern U.S. 1840 Advances in Transportation

50. Advances in Transportation • Rail technology around the world • India’s first train, 1851 • First African railroad, Egypt 1852 • Trans-Siberian Railroad in Russia, world’s longest, 1891 • Travel and trade • Expansion of railroads increased markets • Trains moved huge loads efficiently, transportation costs declined • New products became available • Food products • Perishable foods could get to market before spoiling • Frozen beef shipped by rail from west to east • Shoppers had more food choices