Introduction to Zoology: Classification, Taxonomy Intro, and Body Systems

1. Introduction to Zoology: Classification, Taxonomy Intro, and Body Systems Ch 1, 8, and 9

2. Introduction • Zoology is the study of animal life • # of species currently classified: 1.5 million • Use taxonomy to help classify animals • What is taxonomy? • Naming and evolutionary background of animals • How? Using what? Use patterns of physical, chemical and ecological relationship to classify animals • Use 5 categories to classify animals

3. #1: Symmetry • Definition • Balanced proportions, how does size/shape compare on opposite halves • 4 main types Spherical Biradial Bilateral Radial

4. #1: Symmetry • 1) Spherical • Any plane passing through center divides body into equivalent parts/halves, very rare • Ex: some unicellular organisms • 2) Biradial • Only two planes produce mirrored halves • Ex: comb jelly fish • 3) Radial • More than two planes creates similar halves • Ex: starfish, hydra, sponge • 4) Bilateral • Divides along a sagittal plane making right/left ½ • Ex: most insects, mammals, birds, reptiles

5. #2: Evolutionary Evidence • Evidence types • 1) Fossils • 2) Protein/DNA structure • 3) Biochemistry (molecular make-up) • 4) Biogeography

6. #2: Evolutionary Evidence • Most widely used TODAY, in modern science to classify organisms • Use phylogeny to group/classify organisms • Def: origin and diversity of organisms • Where did organisms come from?

7. #3: Body System Organiz. • 10 major body systems

8. #3: Body System Organiz. • 1) Circulatory • Transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones and wastes • Organs: heart, veins, arteries, vessels, capillaries, blood • 2) Digestive • To breakdown food into proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and fats; absorbs nutrients necessary for growth and maintenance • Organs: mouth, stomach, esophagus, intestines

9. #3: Body System Organiz. • 3) Endocrine • To rely chemical message throughout the body • Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, ovaries and testes • 4) Lymphatic/Immune • To destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses; remove fat and excess fluid • Organs: lymph nodes, white blood cells, T-cells

10. #3: Body System Organiz. • 5) Muscular system • To provide movement, control movement of materials through some organs • Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac • 6) Nervous system • To relay electrical signals throughout the body, directs behavior and/or movement • Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

11. #3: Body System Organiz. • 7) Reproductive system • To manufacture cells that allow for reproduction (sperm and egg) • Organs: ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, fallopian tubes; testis, penis • 8) Respiratory system • To provide gas exchange between blood and the environment • Organs: lungs, trachea, nose, bronchial tubes

12. #3: Body System Organiz. • 9) Skeletal system • To provide support for the body, protection of organs, provides attachment site for organs/muscles • Organs: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments • 10) Excretory/Urinary system • To filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water from the circulatory system • Organs: kidney, bladder, ureter

13. #4: Homologous Features • Homologous is similarities between organisms resulting from a common ancestor • This characteristic and evolutionary evidence work together • Ex:

14. #5: Other relationships • Ecological: different biomes, different areas to eat, sleep, etc. • Niche/Habitat • Diet: What do they eat? • Predator/Prey: • Hunting for eating purposes

15. Taxonomy • Hierarchy • From largest group to smallest group • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King Philip can’t order five giant slurppies

16. Kingdom • How many do we currently have? • 5 • Namesof these: • Animal, plant, fungi, monerans/bacteria, protists • Major differences between them: • Fungi/Animals: must consume food • Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts • Protists/monerans: unicellular

17. Phylum • 9 we study • Names of each • Example of each • 8 invertebrates, 1 vertebrate • Invert vs. vert. Annelida Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Echinodermata Nematoda Chordata Mollusca Porifera Arthropoda

18. Genus/Species • Used in naming system called binomial nomenclature, current system of naming and classifying animals • Scientist who invented system: Carl Linnaeus • Genus – capitalized • Species – NOT capitalized • Both are italicized or underlined • Ex: Homo sapiens

19. Phylogeny • How does phylogeny relate to classification and taxonomy • Classification is categorizing • Taxonomy is naming • Phylogeny is using evolution to classify and name animals

20. Phylogeny, cont. • They are related because they all rely upon each other to get species organized into workable categories • Species is a reproductive community living in a specific area/location • 3 criteria for recognizing species • 1) Common ancestor or common descent • 2) Small grouping w/ distinct and unique characteristics • 3) Must be able to reproduce

21. Phylogeny, cont. • After a NEW species is discovered: • Must name it • Classify it • Use phylogeny (evolutionary evidence) • 1) Comparative homology • 2) Character variation • 3) Ecological relationships