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Forecasting Earthquakes

Forecasting Earthquakes. ・ Difference between Predictions and Forecasts ・ Earlier Efforts in Earthquake Prediction ・ Long-term Probability Estimates. Earthquake Predictions versus Forecasts. Predictions have specific times, locations, and magnitudes for future earthquakes.

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Forecasting Earthquakes

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  1. Forecasting Earthquakes ・ Difference between Predictions and Forecasts ・ Earlier Efforts in Earthquake Prediction ・ Long-term Probability Estimates

  2. Earthquake Predictions versus Forecasts Predictions have specific times, locations, and magnitudes for future earthquakes. Forecasts are more long-term estimates of earthquake occurrences. Often they include probability information.

  3. What is needed in an earthquake prediction ? 1. Time window 2. Location window 3. Magnitude window 4. Indication of confidence 5. Chances earthquake occurs anyways as a random event 6. Prediction must be presented in accessible form for later evaluation Allen, 1996

  4. Optimism in the 1960’s and 1970’s ‘Now, when will earthquake prediction be possible and an efficient Forewarningservice available ? …if we start the project presented here we should be able to answer the question with sufficient certainty within ten years.’ The Japanese Blueprint (Tsuboi et al, 1962) ‘Based on an assessment of worldwide observations and findings over the past few years, it is the panel’s unanimous opinion that the development of an effective earthquake prediction capability is an achievable goal. …with appropriate commitment and level of effort, the routine announcement of reliable predictions may be possible within ten years…’ Panel of the US National Research Council (Allen et al., 1976)

  5. Earthquake Prediction Researchin the 1970’s Distance Measurements on the San Andreas fault Matsushiro strainmeter

  6. ‘Dilatancy’

  7. Prediction of the 1975 Haicheng, China Earthquake (M7.3) Prediction based on foreshocks and animal behavior saved many lives

  8. Scholz et al., 1973

  9. Short-Term Crustal Deformation Precursor Mogi, 1984

  10. Short-Term Electromagnetic Precursor Loma Prieta 1989 Fraser-Smith, et al., 1990

  11. For short-term precursors, there are currently more ‘negative’ results than ‘positive’ results. Johnston and Linde, 2002 Kanamori et al., 1996

  12. Notable Successes and Failures ‘Precursors’ ・1973 Blue Mountain Lake ・1975 Haicheng, China ・1978 Oaxaca, Mexico ・1978 Izu, Japan No precursors ・1976 Tangshan, China (M7.7 650,000 casualties) ・2003 Tokachi-oki, Japan ・2004 Parkfield, California

  13. Earthquake Cycle Periodic Time-predictable Slip-predictable Shimazaki and Nakata, 1980

  14. History of Nankai Earthquakes

  15. Trenching faults to find geological evidence of past earthquakes Pallet Creek site on the San Andreas fault

  16. Probability Conditional Probability 100 years

  17. Variability in Repeating Earthquakes Well defined recurrence interval (Small variability) Wide range of recurrence intervals (Large variability)

  18. Probabilistic Earthquake Forecasting for California

  19. “… the Earthquake Research Committee announced on May 24, 2003, there was 10-20 percent chance of occurrence of a M8-class Off-shore Tokachi Earthquake over the next 10 years starting from January 1, 2003, and a 60 percent chance over the next 30 years” Tokachi-oki earthquake September 26, 2004 M8.0

  20. Future Outlook Will we be able to predict earthquakes in the future ? Long-term: Probably Intermediate term: Maybe Short-term: Maybe

  21. Earthquake Precursors Short-term minutes to weeks Intermediate-term months to 10 years Long-term > 10 years

  22. Short-Term: Foreshocks Jones, 1985 Abercrombie and Mori, 1996

  23. Intermediate-Term: Seismicity Patterns 1978 Oaxaca, Mexico (Ohtake et al., 1981) ‘Mogi Doughnut’ Sykes and Jaume, 1990

  24. Intermediate-Term: Crustal Deformation Mogi, 1985

  25. Intermediate-Term: Water and Chemical Wakita, 1981

  26. Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment 95% probability that M5.5 to 6 will occur 1985-1993. Roeloffs and Langbein, 1994

  27. Bakun and McEvilly, 1979 • Repeating Characteristic Earthquakes • M5 foreshock 17 minutes before 1934 and 1966 events

  28. Laser Distance Measurements

  29. Alert level A, Oct., 1992

  30. Tokai Earthquake Prediction

  31. Earthquake Assessment Committee

  32. Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment 95% probability that M5.5 to 6 will occur 1985-1993. 1966 hypocenter near Middle Mt. and ruptureｄ about 30 km to south Roeloffs and Langbein, 1994

  33. Bakun and McEvilly, 1979 • Repeating Characteristic Earthquakes • M5 foreshock 17 minutes before 1934 and 1966 events

  34. Probabilistic Earthquake Forecasting for California

  35. Laser Distance Measurements

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