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SEARCHING SOLUTIONS TO WATER ISSUES: WATER GOVERNANCE

SEARCHING SOLUTIONS TO WATER ISSUES: WATER GOVERNANCE. PROF. AYSEGUL TANIK Istanbul Technical University, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY Regional Workshop on “Water Resources Management: Needs & Prospects” APRIL 22, 2013 Land Mark Hotel, Amman, Jordan. WATER GOVERNANCE.

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SEARCHING SOLUTIONS TO WATER ISSUES: WATER GOVERNANCE

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  1. SEARCHING SOLUTIONS TO WATER ISSUES: WATER GOVERNANCE PROF. AYSEGUL TANIK Istanbul Technical University, Dpt. of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY Regional Workshop on “Water Resources Management: Needs & Prospects” APRIL 22, 2013 Land Mark Hotel, Amman, Jordan

  2. WATER GOVERNANCE Global Water Partnership (GWP) Definition: The range of political, social, economic and administrative systems that are in place to develop and manage water resources, and the delivery of water services, at different levels of society. International Development Research Centre (IDRC),Definition: Water governance is a trans-disciplinary field, which explores how water management policies and practices are formed and changed over time. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Definition: Water governance includes political, economic and social processes and institutions through which governments, private sector and civil society make decisions about how best to use, allocate, develop and manage water resources. Good water governance is a precondition for implementing holistic, integrated water management strategies that balance sometimes competing needs for environmental sustainability, economic growth, and equity in access.

  3. THE MACHINERY OF AN INSTITUTION WATER INSTITUTIONS,the configurations of various legal, policy and organizational elements involved in water development, allocation, ownership, use, and management, are components of water governance and form water governance capacity of countries.

  4. WATER GOVERNANCE • Water Governance Capacity is a nation’s level of competence to implement effective water management through policies, laws, organizations,regulations and compliance mechanisms. • Without clear policy… it is difficult to establish coherent laws. • Without clear laws… it is difficult for organizations (agencies) to know how to operate. • Without effective organizations (agencies)… implementation and enforcement will be lax.

  5. WATER GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONS SOCIAL DIMENSION Equitable Use SustainableUse EfficientUse WATER GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION ECONOMIC DIMENSION Equal DemocraticOpportunities POLITICAL DIMENSION

  6. WATER GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONS The social dimension points to the equitable use of water resources. The economic dimension informs on efficient use of water resources and the role of water in overall economic growth. The political dimension points to granting water stakeholders and citizens at large equal democratic opportunities to influence and monitor political processes and outcomes. The environmental sustainability dimension shows that improved governance allows for enhanced sustainable use of water resources and ecosystem integrity. EFFECTIVEWATERGOVERNANCEWOULDSEEK A GOODBALANCEAMONGTHESEFOURDIMENSIONS.

  7. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WATER GOVERNANCE

  8. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN FRANCE • 1898 Water Law:The basis of the legal system concerning water in France. • 1964 Water Law: Organization of water management at the river basin scale. • For organizing dialogue and sharing of responsibilities among stakeholders, an advisory body (the Basin Committee) and an executive organization (the Water Agency) were created in 6 large river basins. • 1992 Water Law: Adoption of Integrated Water Resources Management approach. • Introduction of two planning tools on basin scale: the Master Plan for WaterDevelopment and Management (SDAGE) for large basin, the Water Developmentand Management Scheme (SAGE) for sub-basins. • 2004 Law:Transposing of the EU Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) into national legislation. • 2009:Published first-generation River Basin Management Plans prepared in accordance with EU WFD.

  9. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN SPAIN • 1866-1879 WaterLaws • 1926: Creation of River Basin Confederations (The ConfederacionesHidrograficas)to group all major water users of each river basin, and to allocate the water resources made available by major hydraulic engineering works. • 1985 Water Law: Adoption of Integrated Water Resources Management approach. • Re-organizing of River Basin Confederations for development and management of water resources at the basin scale in an integrative manner. Consolidationof the institutional role of the River Basin Confederations, definition of a model of co-decision making in which direct water users and interested administrations have had an active role in all water planning and management at basin level. • 2009: Published first-generation River Basin Management Plans prepared in accordance with EU WFD.

  10. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN ENGLAND - WALES 1876 Prevention of River Pollution Law 1945 Water Law 1948 River Associations Law: First step to management of water resources at the river basin scale:32 River Boards were established with administrative responsibility for the pollution control functions previously provided by the local authorities. 1963 Water Resources Act:27 River Authorities were established, each with a role to conserve, redistribute and augment water resources in England and Wales on a regional basis. The River Authorities replaced the river boards established under the River Boards Act 1948. 1973 Water Act: Establishment of Water Authorities:10 Water Authorities, established based on the 10 major river basins in England and Wales, replaced the river authorities established under the Water Resources Act 1963. The 1973 Act gave statutory responsibility for all aspects of water management to each water authority in its region. Thus, river basin management approach was adopted.

  11. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN ENGLAND - WALES 1989 Water Act: Privatization of Water Authorities:It transformed the existing 10 Water Authorities into the new Water and Sewerage Companies and appointed them as the undertakers for their regions. It also provided for the Secretary of State for the Environment to have overall responsibility for regulation of drinking water quality, provided for the National Rivers Authority to manage pollution and environmental control and defined the duties of the Director General of Water Services (OFWAT) as the economic regulator. Environment Agency replaced the National Rivers Authority in 1995. Now, Environment Agency is responsible for co-ordination of the integrated river basin management in accordance with EU WFD. 2009: Published first-generation River Basin Management Plans prepared in accordance with EU WFD.

  12. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN AUSTRALIA • 1900-1980 (Development Phase): Dam building for drought and flood control. • 1994: Council of Australian Governments Water Reform Agreement: • The key components of the agreement are improving water quality and environment, refining water rights system and water allocation procedures, pricing water through independent review and promoting community participation. Water Reform Agreement was paralleled by growing awareness of river basin management, establishment of river basin (catchments) organizations in some states like Virginia, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and involvement of community groups and committees in development of river basin management plans.

  13. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN AUSTRALIA 2007 Federal Water Law: Establishment of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority for the integrated river basin management in Murray-Darling Basin Murray-Darling River, most important water resource of Australia, straddles from four states, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Australian Capital Territory. The Act gives the Commonwealth additional powers over state water planning, including the establishment of the Murray-Darling Basin Authority. 2004: Council of Australian Governments National Water Initiative National Water Initiative is the national blueprint for water reform. The NWI is a shared commitment by governments to increase the efficiency of Australia's water use.

  14. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN TURKEY • 1923-1980 • 1923:Foundation of Republic of Turkey. • 1936:Establishment of the General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIEI). • 1939:Establishment of the Directorate of Water Works affiliated to Ministry of Public Works. • 1953:Establishment of General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). • 1950s:Focusing socio-economic development based on the development of land and water resources and supply-oriented water policies, starting to construction of large dams and irrigation canals. • 1961:Establishment of the State Planning Organization, a central planning body, beginning of the arrangement of the public investments in the water sector through the national five-year development plans: major water infrastructure such as irrigation systems, storage facilities and multi- and single purpose dams (for e.g. Hydroelectricity generation) was state-financed and state-managed. • 1970s: Acceleration of the development of the country’s hydropower potential with the oil crises. • 1970s:Increasing of environmental problems and establishment of Under secretariat of Environment of Prime Ministry, responsible for the coordination of activities related to environment.

  15. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN TURKEY • 1980-1999 • Supply-oriented water policies and sectoral water management. • Increasing of environmentalproblems. 1981:Establishment of new organizational models which link water and wastewater management with the establishment of the Istanbul Water and Sewage Administration (ISKI). 1983:Enactment of Environment Law. 1988: By-Law for Water Pollution Control. 1991:Establishment of the Ministry of Environment.

  16. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER GOVERNANCE IN TURKEY • 1999-2013 1999:Declaration of Turkey as a candidate country to EU. • Supply-oriented water policies and sectoral water management. • Increase of environmental problems. • Pilot Projects aiming at EU WFD harmonization in Turkey • Legislation changes done in order to move Turkish water legislation to that of the Union’s. 2003:Establishment of Ministry of Environment and Forestry with merging of Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Forestry. 2007:Combining water quality and quantity management under same Ministry with the attachment of DSI to Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2009:Opening of the Environment Chapter of EU Negotiations. • Definition of the River Basins in accordance with EU requirements. • Beginning of the preparation of the River Basin Protection Action Plans in order to provide a basis for River Basin Management Plans obligated by EU WFD. 2011:Fragmentation of the water quality and quantity management with the establishment of two new Ministries; Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning and Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.

  17. 25 RIVER BASINS OF TURKEY

  18. MAIN CHALLENGES OF WATER SECTOR IN TURKEY 1- WATER QUANTITY PROBLEMS 2- WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS 3- IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT 4- AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES 5- NEGLIGANCE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE PLANNING 6- DEFICIENCIES OF MONITORING SYSTEM AND INCOMPLETE DATA 7- LEGAL ISSUES 8- ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 9- CHALLENGE OF TRANSPOSING AND IMPLEMENTING ALL ELEMENTS OF THE EU WFD

  19. MAIN CHALLENGES OF TURKEY WATER SECTOR Water issues that Turkey faces today are largely derived due to lack of good and efficient governance. Organizational structure for water resources management is highly centralized. Stakeholder participation in decision-making process is at a low level. The lack of a comprehensive water law, fragmentation of the institutional framework, complexity of coordination mechanisms are the other major challenges in the Turkish water sector.

  20. PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR GOOD WATER GOVERNANCE IN TURKEY

  21. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION…

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