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Phonetics & Phonology

Phonetics & Phonology. The Different Branch of Linguistics. Phonetics & Phonology. Morphology. Microlinguistics or core linguistics. Grammar. Syntax. Lexicology & Semantics. Linguistics. Dialectology Sociolinguistics Ethnolinguistics.

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Phonetics & Phonology

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  1. Phonetics & Phonology

  2. The Different Branch of Linguistics Phonetics & Phonology Morphology Microlinguistics or core linguistics Grammar Syntax Lexicology & Semantics Linguistics Dialectology Sociolinguistics Ethnolinguistics Synchronic vs. historical/diachronic and comparative Applied Vs. General/theoretical Sociolinguistics Variational linguistics Discourse analysis Text Analysis Stylistics Macrolinguistics Contrastive linguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics (Skandera & Burleigh:2005)

  3. The Speech Chain Speaker’s Brain Phonology Speaker’s Mouth Articulatory Phonetics Transmission of Sound Through Air Acoustic Phonetics Listener’s Ear Auditory Phonetics Listener’s Brain Phonology (Skandera & Burleigh:2005)

  4. Simulation of talking faces in the human brain improves auditory speech recognition • (A and B) Difference contrasts between voice–face and voice–occupation learning in speech (A) and speaker recognition (B). • (C ) Statistical parametric map of positive correlations of BOLD activity with the face-benefit for speech recognition. • .This figure displays the results for the ROI in the left STS. See Table S5 and Fig. S4 for results for the ROI in the right STS.

  5. Phonetics

  6. Definition • Examining the inventory and structure of the sounds of language (O’Grady and Dobrovolsky:1989) • Phonetics first of all divides, or segments, concrete utterances into individual speech sounds. It is therefore exclusively concerned with parole or performance. Phonetics can then be divided into three distinct phases: (1) articulatory phonetics, (2) acoustic phonetics, and (3) auditory phonetics. (Skandera & Burleigh:2005)

  7. Phonetics is essentially the study of the physical aspects of speech. This means the physiological bases of speech. • Thus, phonetics research might investigate the collection of frequencies of sounds observed in the production of particular types of vowels, or it might examine the precise movements of the tongue in producing the sound 's', for example

  8. 1. Articulatory Phonetics Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus • Anatomy of vocal organs • Air stream Mechanism • Voicing • Articulation

  9. 1. Anatomy of Vocal Organs

  10. 2. Air-stream Mechanisms • Pulmonic • Glottic • Velaric

  11. A. Pulmonic Sounds • Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity • Pressure built by compression of lungs English: [p], [n], [s], [l], [e]

  12. B. GlotticEgressive Sounds • Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity • Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis • Georgian [p’], [t’], [k’]

  13. Glottic Ingressive Sounds • Air flow is directed inwards from the oral Cavity • Pressure reduced by pulling down closed glottis

  14. C. VelaricSounds • Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity • Pressure reduced by forming velaric and alveolar closure and pulling down tongue

  15. 2. Articulatory Phonetics • Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus: Anatomy of vocal organs & Air stream Mechanism • Voicing • Articulation

  16. A. Voicing

  17. Articulation • Manners of Articulation • Places of Articulation

  18. Places of Articulation

  19. Places of Articulation (2) • Place of articulation : Each point at which the airstream can be modified to produce a different sound. • Places of articulation are found at the lips , within the oral cavity, in the pharynx, and at the glottis.

  20. Places of Articulation : Labial Labial: any sound made with closure or near closure of the lips • Bilabial: sounds involving both lips English: peer, bin, month • Labiodental: sounds involving the lower lip and upper teeth English: fire, vow

  21. Places of Articulation : Dental Dental: Some phones are produced with the tongue placed against or near the teeth • Interdental: if the tongue is placed between the teeth English: this, thing Note: some English speakers produce s and z as dentals)

  22. Places of Articulation : Alveolar Alveolar ridge: within the oral cavity, a small ridge protrudes from just behind the upper front teeth • English: top, deer, soap, zip, lip, neck

  23. Places of Articulation : Alveopalatal &Palatal • Alveopalatal/palatoalveolar:just behind the alveolar ridge, the roof of the mouth rises sharply English: show, measure, chip, judge • Palate: the highest part of the roof of the mouth • Palatal: Sounds produced with the tongue near the area English: yes

  24. Places of Articulation : Velar • Velar: the soft area toward the rear oof the roof of the mouth. • Velum: Sounds made with the tongue in the position English: call, guy, hang • Labiovelar: the tongue is raised near the velum and lips are rounded at the same time English: wet

  25. Places of Articulation : Glottal • Glottal: Sound produced by adjusting the glottal opening to states other than voicing or voicelessness . English: heave, hog

  26. SOUND CLASSES

  27. Manners of Articulation • Oral Vs Nasal • Stops • Fricatives • Affricatives • Liquids • American Glides

  28. Manners of Articulation: Oral Vs Nasal • Oral sounds are produced with air flowing through only the mouth • The velum can be lowered to allow air to pass through the nasal passages, producing a sound that is nasal.

  29. Manners of Articulation: Stops • Stops are made with a complete and momentary closure of airflow through the oral cavity. • Stops are found at bilabial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal points of articulation.

  30. Manners of Articulation: Fricatives • Consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth • The air used in their production passes through a very narrow opening, resulting in turbulence, which causes the noise.

  31. Manners of Articulation: Liquids • Among the sounds commonly found in the world’s language are l and r and their numerous variants. They form a special class of consonants knows as liquids. • Laterals: varieties of l , voiced: [l], voiceless [ļ]: please, clear • English r’s: varieties of r. • Retroflex r : curling the tongue tip back into the mouth (US and Canada): ride, car • Flap [D]: the tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge as it passes across it. bitter , butter , very (North American English)

  32. Manners of Articulation: American Glides • The two glides of English are [y] of yes and boy,and the w-glide [w] of wet and now.

  33. Manners of Articulation (Consonants)

  34. Consonants

  35. Vowel – Features • Low / High • Back / Front • Round • Nasal • Long

  36. Vowel – Minimal Pairs • Bag Big (English) /bæg/ /bɪg/ • Beat bit /bit/ /bɪt/ • Boot bait • /but/ /bet/

  37. Diphthongs • Combination of two vocalic sounds English: [aj] I, eye [aj] [aw] cow [kaw]

  38. Gemination of Consonants • Double/long consonants English: “misspell”, “unknown”

  39. English Phonetic Table

  40. Phonology

  41. Definition Phonology is the study of the sounds used in languages: the way they pattern with respect to each other, the way they are use to make up words and phrases, and the changes they undergo (Andrew Spencer) Phonology deals with the speakers' knowledge of the sound system of a language. It is therefore exclusively concerned with langue or competence, (Phonology, then, is not the study of telephone manners, as one student once jokingly suggested.) Phonology can be divided into two branches: (1) segmental phonology and (2) suprasegmental phonology.

  42. Study of how sounds interact in various languages • Segmental phenomena • Phonemic Inventory and Allophony • Sound-change rules and ordering • Supra-segmental phenomena • Syllabification • Prominence • Tones • Intonation

  43. Mental concept representing a physical sound • Many to many mapping between phoneme and a phone within a language English /t/ • aspirated in “tunafish” • unaspiratedin “starfish” • dental before labio-dental • flapped in “buttercup”

  44. Phoneme = set of features that are true at a given time for a • Particular phonemic unit (phonological features) (Autosegmentaltheory)

  45. Phonological Rules • Humans are lazy so compromise articulation to reduce effort • Compromise in Articulation changes the sound • Constituents of a phonological rules are • Phonemes to be modified due to a rule • Conditioning context in which the rule has to be fired • Change that occurs in a sound after the rule has been fired • Rules are sometimes ordered in a language

  46. Types of Phonological Rules • Assimilation Addition of features due to neighboring phonemes phone book /fonbuk/ [fombuk] n [+bilabial] / __ [+bilabial, +voiced, +stop] • Dissimilation • Deletion of features due to neighboring phonemes fifths /fIfth/ /fifts/

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