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And anti-B

And anti-B. Blood types cont. In addition to A and B substances, RBC can carry the Rhesus factor ( Rh factor ) on their membrane The Rh factor implies a positive (present) or a negative (not present) So a RBC can carry both an agglutinogen and an Rh factor

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And anti-B

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  1. And anti-B

  2. Blood types cont. • In addition to A and B substances, RBC can carry the Rhesus factor (Rh factor) on their membrane • The Rh factor implies a positive (present) or a negative (not present) • So a RBC can carry both an agglutinogen and an Rh factor • What combinations can exist?

  3. Blood types • If Amy has both substance A and the Rh factor on her RBC membranes, what is her blood type? • A+ • If Ben has only substance A, then his blood type would be……? • A-

  4. Blood Transfusions • Blood Transfusions: entails the injection of blood into a person • Why do blood transfusions exist? • Certain blood diseases must receive transfusions • Accidents and emergency situations can call for transfusions

  5. Blood Transfusions • Blood transfusions need donors and recipients • Donor and recipient can be the same person! • Ppl can bank their own blood in case of emergency or in preparation for surgery • Blood donor: a person who gives blood for the purpose of a transfusion • Blood recipient: person who receives blood from a transfusion

  6. Incompatible and Compatible • If you are given the wrong blood type (incompatible with yours) you could DIE • Ppl were dying before Blood Types were discovered in 1902 • It is very rare for this to happen now a days

  7. Rules governing blood transfusions • Donor’s RBC membranes must not carry substances that differ from the recipient’s RBC membrane • Can you give me an example? (Pg. 181) • Example: John has B+ (substance B, Rh factor) • Can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O- • Cannot receive from: A+, A-, AB+, AB-

  8. Blood compatibility • Blood compatibility means that one person can receive blood from another person • See pg 181 Table 6.31 • We can draw these conclusions • Transfusions are possible w/ the same blood type • Type O- blood can DONATE blood to anyone (universal donors) • Type AB+ blood can RECEIVE blood from anyone (universal recipient)

  9. Blood substances • Substance A and B (found on RBC membrane) are called AGGLUTINOGENS • When blood transfusions between incompatible blood types, the recipient receives blood cells with foreign agglutinogens • The agglutinogens are seen invaders and ANTIBODIES see these as a threat and get rid of them

  10. NINJAS!!!! • Antibodies = AGGLUTININS are like little ninjas in the blood and try to destroy/kill foreign substances • Phagocytosis!!! When the white blood cell eats the invader or kills it (think pac-man) • The antibodies attach to foreign RBC causing them to clump • This is called AGGLUTINATION and leads to clogging of blood vessels and can kill the recipient

  11. Vaccines • How to make vaccines? • Start with a massive cell culture of the infectious agent • The cells are treated to render them harmless • 2 treatment methods • Live vaccine • Inactive vaccine • Pg. 255 Take a look!!

  12. Chose a treatment! • Live Vaccine • chemically treated to remove ability to cause illness • Cells are mixed w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life • Infectious agent still alive, but no ability to cause disease • Inactive Vaccine • Made using part of infectious agent (antigen) [since recognized by antibodies] • Isolate disease causing antigen and render it harmless • Mix w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life • Naturally, inactive vaccine doesn’t contain live infectious agents

  13. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular SystemPg. 182 • Circulatory system contains • Blood • Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) • Heart (pumps the blood) • Why do we have blue and red vessels carrying our blood? • Take a look at Pg. 182 • Oxygen-rich blood is Red, carbon dioxide-rich blood is Blue on cartoon diagrams

  14. Blood Vessels • Arteries • Largest blood vessels in the body Fig. 6.33 • Carry blood away from heart to other parts of the body • Walls are very thick • Can withstand the high pressure of the blood they carry

  15. Blood Vessels • Capillaries • Smaller, branched off, narrow arteries called arterioles branch off and narrow further into capillaries • Smallest blood vessels Fig. 6.34 • So narrow that 1 RBC travel single file through them • Walls are verythin (made up of single cell layer) • Thin walls ease exchange of O2 and CO2between blood and organ cells (as well as nutrients and waste)

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