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The Holocaust

The Holocaust. The Nuremberg Laws. Hitler always hated the Jews At 1 st – isolate and humiliate Few people raised objection Official persecution = April 1933 Banned from work, school, society 1935 – lost German citizenship. No Where to Run. July 1930 32 countries meet

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The Holocaust

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  1. The Holocaust

  2. The Nuremberg Laws • Hitler always hated the Jews • At 1st – isolate and humiliate • Few people raised objection • Official persecution = April 1933 • Banned from work, school, society • 1935 – lost German citizenship

  3. No Where to Run • July 1930 • 32 countries meet • Discussed # of refugees from Europe • US and others didn’t want Jews • Dominican Republic welcomed them • US did rescue people of exceptional merit

  4. The Key Players • Heinrich Himmler • Head of Gestapo • Oversaw all camps • Inspections lead to new ways to kill • Reinhard Heydrich • Head of counterintelligence • Created first list of Jews to be removed • Responsible for Russian territory

  5. Heinrich Muller • Chief of Gestapo • Coordinated removal of European Jews • Adolf Eichmann • Head of Jewish Affairs • In charge of train schedules & logistics • Main architect of “Final Solution”

  6. Hermann Goering • Commander of Air Force • Hitler’s successor • Created Gestapo • Ordered Kristallnacht • Joseph Goebbels • Propaganda Minister • Organized Kristallnacht • Oversaw deportations from Berlin

  7. Wannsee Conference • Reinhard Heydrich – SS Reich Security • January 20, 1942 • Find “final solution” for Jewish question • Einsatzgruppen: Mobile killing devices • Only request: “Done as fast as possible”

  8. T-4 Euthanaisa • 1st murders were “incurably ill” • September 1939 • Death to: • People with disabilities • The “mentally defective” • Children born with or suspected of having mental or physical issues • Starved, lethal injection, gas, dropped from window • 90,000 killed

  9. In the Ghetto • 1940: Warsaw, Krakow • Warsaw: ½ million lived in 11 mile area • Starved and worked to death • Governed by Judenrat • 1942: Order to liquidate • Destroyed all evidence • Too expensive to maintain • Sent to death camps

  10. Theresienstadt • 40 miles from Prague – near Auschwitz • 456 Danes held with Jew • Danes demanded Red Cross visit • Nazis turned it in to model city • Red Cross fooled by nice surroundings • Didn’t believe later claims of cruelty

  11. Einsatzgruppen • Mobile killing squads • Round up Jews, kill, bury • Shot at first, ammo became too expensive • Gas vans used later • BabiYar • September 19, 1941 • Kiev • Jews marched to Ravine, strip, shot • 33,000 killed in 2 days

  12. Pogroms • Violent attack by citizens • Usually non-Germans • Lasi Pogrom • Romanian citizens killed 13,000 Jews • Killed in the streets, death train • Mainly used for Russian Jews • Jews rounded up in buildings, burned • Marched out of towns and shot

  13. Badges • Used to show others whatyou were • Hierarchy among prisoners • Had to be worn at all times • Jews wore them before camps

  14. The Other Victims - Gypsies • Secretive people • Called “Gypsy nuisance” • Wouldn’t conform to Hitler’s laws • Seen as “mixed breeds” • Wore a brown triangle • 1.2 million died in the camps

  15. The Other Victims - Homosexuals • Against German law • Pre-war, most lived openly • Raided bars and clubs to find gays • Sent for to camps for hard labor • Castrated in camps • Use for “hormone therapy” to cure them • Seen as just above Jews • 15,000 killed Ernst Rohm, Head of SA Killed on Hitler’s order

  16. The Other Victims – Jehovah’s Witnesses • Refused to pledge allegiance to Hitler • Linked to Jews and Communists • Conscious objectors • Purple triangle • 12,000 killed

  17. The Other Victims – The Poles • 11/1939 – “Complete destruction of Poles” • Seen as taking up German living space • 90% of Polish Jews killed • 5.6 million citizens of non-Jewish backgroundkilled • Orange triangle with “P” P

  18. Types of Camps • Hostage – Hold hostages, killed as reprisal • Labor – hard physical labor, inhuman/cruel • POW – Torture for info, killed • Rehabilitation – Intelligent Poles held to be re-educated • Transit – collection area used to route to main camps • Extermination – All arrivals kill (only 4)

  19. The Camps • 1933 – Dachau built for political prisoners • Labor: Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Flossenburg, Ravensbruck • Then built death camps on RR lines • Death: Chelmo, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Majdenek, Auschwitz/Birkenau • Most prisoners killed upon arrival • Slave labor

  20. “Selection” upon arrival • Women, children, elderly & sick • Taken to “shower”, undress, gassed • Zyklon B = insecticide, 2000 in 30 minutes • Bodies put in oven • Dead searched for gold • Live: divided, head shaved, tatoo #

  21. Personal items were cleaned and sent to SS officers • Arbeitmachtfrei: “Labor wins freedom” • Few resistances, some successful, most not

  22. Prayer Shawls Bales of Human Hair Shoes outside gas chamber Clothes

  23. Piles of Eyeglasses Teeth with gold in them

  24. Sachsenhausen • 1936, 35km north of Berlin • Worked at Brickworks • Largest counterfeit operation • Homosexual prisons tested military boots -------------------- • Soviet prisoners held • 30,000 killed • Liberation: 4/22/45 by Russians

  25. Buchenwald • 1937 – near Weimar, Germany • 1st camp built in Germany • Forced labor camp for armaments factory • Women prisoners used in camp brothel • Elie Wiesel held here • 55,000 killed • Liberated: 4/4/45 by US

  26. Mauthausen • Built in 1938 by Dachau prisoners • Slave labor camp for granite quarry • Stairs of Death: carry granite up • Extermination through labor • 200,000 killed • Liberated: 4/5/45 by US

  27. Ravensbruck • N. Germany 90 km from Berlin • Built in 1938 • Women’s Camp • Hard labor: paved roads • Secret education programs taught at night • Female Medical Experiments • 40,000 killed • Liberated: 4/30/45 by Russians

  28. Chelmno • Poland, 30 miles from Lodz • 1941 – Extermination Camp • At first – used vans and exhaust • Vans full of dead driven to forest for burial • Mass graves had to be exhumed • Bodies then burned • 150,000 killed • Liberated (abandoned): 1/17/45 by Russians

  29. Treblinka • 60 miles NE of Warsaw, Poland • Disguised as Railway station • 700 Jews ran camp (luggage, burning, valuables, camouflage) • 8/2/43 – Revolt, arson, guards killed, 600 escaped • 900,000 killed • Closed 10/19/43 due to damage from uprising

  30. Sobibor • Built in 1942 in Central Poland • Put near labor camps to do extermination • Best known for its uprising • 8/2/43 – 2 prisoners killed 20 SS • Plan to kill all and walk out • Found out and 300 ran • 50 lived, most died on mine field or recaptured • 250,000 killed

  31. Belzec • 1st Extermination Camp • Built 1942, 47 mile north of Lviv, Poland • 50,000 killed, only 2 survivors • Use CO2 instead of Zyklon B • Camp disguised as labor camp • Dismantled and covered • Turned into a farm • 1998 – 33 mass graves found

  32. Majdenek • Built October 1941 near Lublin, Poland • Unusual: Built near city, not hidden • Sorting and storage for Jewish belongings • 235,000 killed • Liberated 7/24/44 By Russians

  33. Auschwitz • Largest, most famous camp • Infamous commander Rudolf Hoss • 3 large camps, 45 small camps • Labor and extermination camp • 1.5 million killed • Liberated: 1/27/45 by Russians

  34. Taken by US military plane

  35. A Day in the Camp • 4:30 am – Roll call • 30 minutes for “morning routine” • Work details walked to factories, quarries • Striped uniform, no underwear, wood shoes, no socks • Kapos – Prisoner foremen (criminals) • No rest, timed bathroom break • Roll call at 5pm • All had to wait if missing anyone • Bread and cup of water • Bed time at 7:30

  36. Medical Experiments • Dr. Josef Mengele • Angel of Death • Used selection off trains to choose victims • Twins • 1500 sets used • Genetic experiments • Eye injections to change color • Sewn together to create conjoined twins

  37. Military Experiments • Hypothermia • Put in freezing water for up to 5 hours • Taken out, warmed • Figure out best way to revive • Helped with German troops on Eastern front • High Altitude • To help German pilots who eject at high levels • Put in low pressure chamber until died • Brain then dissected

  38. Other Experiments • Sterilization • Try to find way to sterilize millions • X-ray, surgery, drugs • Sat at tables to fill out forms while x-ray radiation given • Drug Trials • Inmates injected with diseases • Malaria, tuberculosis, syphilis • Drugs tested to see what worked • Bayer Medicine “bought” prisoners for testing • Discovered right formula for aspirin

  39. The Good • Those who did not agree, helped • Helped Jews hide or escape • Oscar Schindler • Took over factory, made defective bullets • Bribed and charmed SS officer • Saved 1200 through his famous list of workers • Bishop Roncalli • “Baptized” 1000s of Jews in mass ceremony • Became Pope John XXIII • Hundreds of examples

  40. Outside Germany • October 1942 – England radio talked about gassings • Those who escaped tried to spread word • Thought they were exaggerating/lying • US knew in Feb. 1942, didn’t tell public • BBC and New York Times published 1944 • No country attempted to help

  41. Death Marches • Red Army & US approached • Camps closed • Prisoners killed or marched away • Tried to hide/destroy camps on way out • Those who couldn’t were shot • 250,000 killed • Auschwitz March • Jan 1945 • 60,000 (Elie Wiesel) left, 15,000 died

  42. Liberation • Troops didn’t know what they were seeing • Prisoners that were left were close to death • Many died at or right after liberation • SS officers arrested, some killed by prisoners • 900,000 survivors • Forced German’s to walk through camps

  43. Aftermath • Survivors became “displaced persons” • Refused to return to homes in Europe • 250,000 lived in refugee camp • Many began move to Palestine • Began to look for family • Israel = May 14, 1948

  44. What Happened to those Involved • Any Nazi found, arrested • Nuremberg Trials • 22 leading Nazis • 2 said “not guilty” = followed orders • Took 1 year • 3 Categories of Crimes • Crimes against peace – planning, preparing, participation • War Crimes - Murder, deportation, destruction • Crimes against Humanity - extermination, enslavement

  45. Heinrich Himmler • Wandered until capture 5/22/45 • Arrested by British military • Suicide May 23 • Reinhard Heydrich • Attacked in Prague 4/27/42 • Assassination attempt failed • Died from injuries a week later

  46. Heinrich Muller • Last seen day after Hitler’s death in the bunker • Said he would not be taken prisoner • Never seen again • Josef Mengele • Escaped to South America • Died in 1985 in a swimming accident

  47. Herman Goering • Claimed he was not anti-Semitic, joked • Sentenced to Death by hanging • Committed suicide in his cell night before • Joseph Goebbels • With Hitler at suicide (4/30) • Given control of Germany • May 1st, killed his 7 kids, wife, self

  48. Adolf Eichman • Escaped to South America • Found in 1960 and kidnapped by Mossad • Put on trial in Israel • Sat in bullet proof glass tank • Use “following orders” as his defense • Found guilty • Hung on May 31,1962

  49. Deniers • Some believe it didn’t happen • Seen as a hoax by the Jews for sympathy • Revisionists – Happened just not to the extent that is believed • Think all evidence is fake

  50. We Remember • 100s of museums around the world • United States Holocaust Museum • Many camps are now museums • April – Yom Shoah (remembrance day) • Remember Video

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