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COPD and PFTs

COPD and PFTs. Tereza Martinu, MD Anna Person, MD Nathan Shores, MD Jeff Vandeusen, MD. Case. A 60 year-old white, female smoker presents with increasing dyspnea on exertion and shortness of breath for 1 year.

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COPD and PFTs

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  1. COPD and PFTs Tereza Martinu, MD Anna Person, MD Nathan Shores, MD Jeff Vandeusen, MD

  2. Case • A 60 year-old white, female smoker presents with increasing dyspnea on exertion and shortness of breath for 1 year. • She has a 50 pack-year history. Her exam shows a prolonged expiratory time and distant heart sounds. • You Suspect COPD

  3. PFT Indications • Evaluation of symptoms (chronic cough, wheezing, dyspnea) • Assessment of risk before surgery • Evaluation of possible exposure in the workplace (reactive airway disease or occupational asthma) • Objective measurement of impairment or disability • Surveillance of patients after lung transplantation for early rejection • Note: Only do PFTs on patients who can follow directions and don’t have an acute pulmonary problem. Cannot do PFTs on intubated patients and should not do them on hospitalized COPD patients in an acute exacerbation. • Prolonged smoking history

  4. What is It? • Spirometry: Measurement of airflow rate and expired volume over time. This can actually be done in outpatient setting, and does not require massive machinery. Small clinics can do their own spirometry. We even have bedside spirometry that can be used if necessary at the VA and all lung transplant patients have their own spirometry to track FEV1 at home (every morning). • Lung volumes & DLCO: need sophisticated equipment and an accredited PFT lab – make sure that this is done at a place that you trust. • At Duke, when you order PFTs, you actually only get spirometry. If you want the lung volumes and DLCO along with it, you have to order PFDs (stands for “pulmonary function studies with diffusion capacity”).

  5. Results • Quality • Will be addressed in report • Affected by effort, musculoskeletal disease • Can be assessed by assessing the graph and taking repeated measurements • Standards • Age, Sex, Race, Height, and Weight all dictate reference standards, influencing “percent predicted”

  6. Abnormal Tests • If results are abnormal, what is the disease process? • First look at FEV1/FVC: if ratio is < 70% of predicted, there is obstruction • If no obstruction, look at FVC: if < 80% of predicted, there may be restriction

  7. If there is obstruction, look at FEV1 to determine severity of obstruction. >70% mild 60-70% moderate 50-60% moderately severe 35-50% severe <35% very severe If FVC < 80%, think restriction and consider getting lung volume studies: TLC < 80% indicates restrictive process. FRC, RV, & VC are usually markedly low as well. Interpretation

  8. Flow Loops Restrictive Normal Obstructive

  9. Interpretation Algorithm

  10. DLCO (In brief) • DLCO = Diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide • Measures the capacity of the lung to transfer gas

  11. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  12. COPD • As defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Guidelines: • “A disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases.”

  13. Which is the best predictor of survival in COPD? • pO2 • FEV1 as a percent of predicted • Diffusing capacity • Presence of emphysema on CT scan • Composite score of BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea level and exercise tolerance

  14. Index based on: • Body mass • Obstruction of airflow Better than FEV1 in predicting survival • Dyspnea level • Exercise

  15. BODE score • Quartile 1: 0-2 • Quartile 2: 3-4 • Quartile 3: 5-6 • Quartile 4: 7-10 FEV1 % predicted Stage 1: >50% Stage 2: 36-50% Stage 3: <35%

  16. COPD: Assessment and Monitoring • The diagnosis of COPD is made based on risk factors and spirometry • Spirometry is the GOLD standard for diagnosis of COPD • FEV1/FVC <70% • More severe stage with decreasing FEV1 • Perform ABG’s if FEV1 is <40% of predicted • Test of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency if patients are <45 or have a strong family history • *NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) • Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Apr;163(5):1256-76.

  17. Management of Stable COPD • Stepwise, symptom based approach • There are no medications that affect mortality or attenuate decline in lung function • Bronchodilator treatment central to symptomatic management • Consider inhaled steroids for patients with documented response to steroids or in those with FEV1 < 50% predicted and a history of repeated exacerbations

  18. When to use what…

  19. COPD Exacerbations • 1.5 million ED visits, 726,000 visits in 2000 • Acute exacerbation with PaC02 of 50mmHg or more is associated with 6 month mortality rate of 33%, 12 month of 43% • Exacerbations caused by infection, environmental pollutants, ambient temperature, aspiration, unknown factors

  20. COPD Exacerbations: When to Admit Indications for Admission: -Marked increase in intensity of sx -Severe background COPD -New physical signs -Failure to respond to initial management -Many comorbities -New arrhythmias -Older age -Poor home environment or social support (from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (4/1998)

  21. Treatment of Acute Exacerbations • Inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonists (albuterol, etc) • Anticholinergic bronchodilators (ipratropium bromide) • Systemic corticosteroids • Antibiotics • Oxygen (target Pa02 of 60-65 mmHg) • Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

  22. Corticosteroids • Role in COPD exacerbations had been unclear • Trial in N Engl J Med in 1999 of corticosteroids vs. placebo showed length of hospitalization was 8.5 days vs. 9.7 days (p=0.03) • FEV1 improved faster in pts who received steroids (but no difference from placebo group at 2 weeks) • Steroids reduced rate of treatment failure at 30 and 90 days, but not 6 months • 2 week course as effective as 8 week course • Hyperglycemia, possible increased rate of infections were complications

  23. NPPV- CPAP and BiPAP • Benefit in hypercapnic COPD exacerbations • Decrease mortality, intubation rates, treatment failure, length of hospital stay • American Association for Respiratory Care criteria for use when 2 or more of the following are present: • respiratory distress w/ mod to severe dyspnea • Arterial pH <7.35 w/ PaC02>45 mmHg • RR of >25 • absence of contraindications (inability to protect airway, facial trauma, etc)

  24. Summary • PFT’s can distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung disease • Make sure you know what you’re ordering • Staging COPD can help determine tx regimens and prognosis • Beware of exacerbations- mortality may be high. • Know when to admit.

  25. References • Pauwels, RA, et al. Global Strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1256. • Niewoehner, D, et al. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1941-7. • Mannino, DM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance– United States, 1971-2000. MMWR Surveill Summ 2002; 51:1. • Connors, AF et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease: The SUPPORT investigators. Am J Respir Crit Care med 1996; 154:959. • Miravitlles, M et al. Factors associated with increased risk of exacerbation and hospital admission in a chorot of ambulatory COPD patients: A multiple logistic regression analysis. Respiration 2000; 67:495. • Ram, FS et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; :CD004104 • Bach, JR et al. Consensus conference: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Respir Care 1997: 42:261.

  26. Please click here to complete the course evaluation. Click Next arrow to continue to Reference pages.

  27. References • Crapo RO. Pulmonary-Function Testing. NEJM 1994;331:25. • Evaluation of impairment / disability secondary to respiratory disorders. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;133:1205-9. • Standardization of Spirometry, 1994 Update. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1107. • Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:1202. • MKSAP-13, Pulmonary Function Testing • Pulmonary Board Review 2000-2001, American College of Chest Physicians. • Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS; GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Apr;163(5):1256-76. • Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, Casanova C, Montes de Oca M, Mendez RA, Pinto Plata V, Cabral HJ. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 4;350(10):1005-12.

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