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Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France

Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France. Chapter 4 – Official and Countervailing Powers LMAC Mr. Wilson. Context – Early . 1534 Arrival of Jacques Cartier Beginning of the French Regime? 1608 - Champlain’s founding of Quebec

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Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France

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  1. Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France Chapter 4 – Official and Countervailing Powers LMAC Mr. Wilson

  2. Context – Early 1534 • Arrival of Jacques Cartier Beginning of the French Regime? • 1608 - Champlain’s founding of Quebec • Rights from the French King to do business in the fur trade. • These companies paid a “Governor” who was in control.

  3. Context - Later What happened in 1663? • New France became a Royal Province. Why? • Because the King wanted a piece of the action. • The King removed the companies from administration & replaced them with The Royal Government.

  4. Political Power in New France Known as: the Royal Government

  5. Political Power in New France The Royal Governmentestablished in 1663 • Inspired by administrative system in France • Part of the French regime’sabsolutemonarchy

  6. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  7. Political Power in New France What was the Sovereign Council? • Highest court in New France • Certain legislative and executive power • Composed of Governor General, Intendant, Bishop , and a few councilors

  8. Political Power in New France What did the Sovereign Council do? • Registered royal edicts (orders) and put them into effect • Listened to appeals (attempt to overturn a decision) on legal decisions from the lower courts • They also issued statutes (laws) • E.g. 1685: Protestant sects were outlawed!

  9. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  10. Political Power in New France Who was the Bishop? • Responsibilities: • religious affairs (education, hospitals) • Because he was on the Sovereign Council… Francois de Laval

  11. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  12. Political Power in New France Who was the Governor General? • Represented the king of France in New France • Responsibilities: • Military • Foreign relations • He reported back to and advised France on important colonial matters

  13. Pierre de Rigaud De Vaudreuil

  14. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  15. Political Power in New France Who was the Intendant? • Responsibilities: • Justice • Internal affairs • Finances (money!) • Most important person in the colony because he controlled the CASH

  16. Jean Talon

  17. THINK… What kinds of problems would exist in this sort of system? • Organization led to power struggles between the Governor and the Intendant

  18. Power Struggles • The Governor General could establish treaties with the Intendant’s agreement • But, sometimes the Governor could overturn the decisions of the Intendant if he got permission from the King. • Ex: Governor Frontenac vs. Intendant Duchesneau

  19. Power Struggles But… • The Intendant managed the budget which included military spending Conclusion? Because the Intendant controlled money, he had a lot of power over the Governor General

  20. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  21. Political Power in New France Who were the Captains of the Militia? • They were named by the Governor General • Responsibilities: • military training in defence of the colony • informing the population of the Intendant’s decisions, the King’s edicts, and the statutes of the Sovereign Council

  22. Relationship between Church and State

  23. The Church and the State Why did the Bishop have so much Power? • He was on the Sovereign Council • He had pledged his Allegiance to the King • He controlled thetithe • He nominated priests and missionaries • He could talk directly to the King • He controlled all education in the province

  24. The Church and the State 1694 • The Pope expanded the position of the Bishop to an ARCHBISHOP Why? • Population was growing – gave him even more influence.

  25. The Church and the State • “Your majesty, I, François de Laval, first Bishop of Québec in New France, swear in the name of God, and promise your Majesty that I will serve him as long as I live, your faithful subject and humble servant[...].” -François de Laval, 1674.

  26. Francois de Laval and his campaign against the Eau-de-Vie?

  27. The Church and the State In the 18th century, the political power of the Catholic Church diminishedwhen they no longer had a seat on the Sovereign Council. • The state that had the power to set the amount of the tithe • Authority the formation of new parishes and new religious communities • But…still had influence over the education system

  28. What was the relationship between the State and the Amerindians? • 17th century: The French vs. The Amerindians • Their relationship included alliances and conflicts linked to the fur trade. • The First Nations provided furs to the French. • In return, the French gave gifts to the Indians. • This type of trade is known as bartering.

  29. The State and the Amerindians

  30. The State and the Amerindians Trade – the backbone of the Province • the Governor General had to work as a diplomat and a strategist. Diplomat = Negotiator for peace Strategist = Military coordinator • Negotiations with the Amerindians often concluded with the exchange of prisoners.

  31. The State and the Amerindians Problems? • E.G.: the conflict between the Iroquois, the Huron and the Algonquians. • Bad for Trade • Threatened the lives of the colonists • Led to the building of forts, e.g. Quebec and Ville-Marie.

  32. The Great Peace of Montreal, 1701

  33. The Great Peace of Montreal • The Governor, Louis Hector Calliere, organized an important meeting with the Iroquois to negotiate lasting peace. • It put an end to the Franco-Iroquois wars.

  34. The Great Peace of Montreal August 4, 1701 • 30 different Amerindian Nations were present and 1300 people were in attendance. End result: • The French recognized the Iroquois’ right to trade and the Iroquois vowed to stay neutralbetween the French and the British.

  35. Document & Questions.... Excerpt from a speech by Governor General Louis Hector de Callières in front of 1300 Iroquois representatives: "I hereby ratify the peace that we have made today[…] hoping that we never speak again of the troubles endured during the war, and for this reason, I have seized all of your axes and your other instruments of war, that I will place with mine in a hole so deep that no one will ever be able to use them again to ruin the tranquility that I have reestablished amongst you, my children […]. […] I attach my word of honor to the necklaces I give to each of your nations so that your elder may pass this lesson along to their young members. Now, I invite you all to smoke this peace pipe that I will now light […].

  36. Movie: The Great Peace of Montreal-1701 • a) What event is taking place while de Callière is speaking? What year is it?  • b) What clue indicated de Callière's desire to recognize Amerindian customs? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25m93JVO7kw

  37. Colony and the Mother Country

  38. Colony and the Mother Country Who called the shots? • The Mother Country (France) Who had the final say? • The King of France France’s main interest in the colony? $$$

  39. Colony and the Mother Country E.G. [Exempli Gratia] • regarding the colony • Jean-Talon and the King had different ideas regarding the colony. • Jean-Talon wanted to populate New France & develop its economy • But the King did not allow it!

  40. The Colony and the Mother Country E.G. #2 • Even though the Governor was responsible for foreign relations, the King had the final say on peace and war. • That’s why after years of fighting and economic tension with the British – the territories in New France were given away in the Treaty of Paris for peace.

  41. The Colony and the Mother Country What happened in 1763? • Treaty of Paris = The start of the British Regime • Powerrelationshipsin Canada were dramatically changed: • The French Royal Government was eliminated • The Catholic Church suddenly had less influence • A new British administration was put into place

  42. Review

  43. Review • In the colony of New France – what changed in 1663? Royal Government!

  44. Review • Who made up the Sovereign Council? Governor General Bishop Intendant

  45. Review • True or False: • One of Bishop François de Laval’s responsibilities was to manage the budget. FALSE!!!!! He enforced the titheandnominated priests & missionaries

  46. Review • The main reason why France was interested in the colony (New France) was because it gave them: • A) Fish • B) Diamonds and gold • C) Money • D) Chickens

  47. Review • The Great _______of Montreal in _____ recognized the Iroquois’ right to ______ and the Iroquois vowed to stay _______ between the French and the British. 1701 Peace trade neutral

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