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Philosophy

What is the Meaning of living?. Philosophy. Milesians , notes from MILETUS. Thales asked , “What is Basic Stuff of the Universe?” What is the “ARCHE?” Three Assumptions Fundamental explanation must be ONE . “The One” must be a Thing. The One must have the ability to move and change.

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Philosophy

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  1. What is the Meaning of living? Philosophy

  2. Milesians, notes from MILETUS • Thales asked, “What is Basic Stuff of the Universe?” • What is the “ARCHE?” • Three Assumptions • Fundamental explanation must be ONE. • “The One” must be a Thing. • The One must have the ability to move and change.

  3. Milesians, notes from MILETUS • Thales declared that the First Principle is Water; • Everything floats on, depends on it. • Soul is kinetic; it moves.

  4. Milesians • Anaximander • The idea of aperion– the ONE was unlimited, boundless, infinite or indefinite. • He said the Earth was like a cylinder. • Anaximenes • Declared the ONE to be Air.

  5. Solitaries • Pythagoras • Pythagorean Theorem in Geometry. . . • a²+b²=c² • He believed the Universe was not stuff but forms that could be converted into numbers and mathematics. • He established a “mono”theisticreligious order around ideas.

  6. Solitaries • Xenophanes • He challenged the idea that you could know the divine. • Heraclitus • A dark philosopher • The ONE was Fire • “All things flow” or “change is everything.”

  7. Eleatics • The Eleatics- From Elea in Italy • Parmenides, Zeno, and Melissus • Parmenides • 2 ways of inquiry • whatever is, is and cannot be • something that arises from not-being is impossible and unthinkable Question: What application does Zeno’s logic have today? Research “Thomson’s Lamp” to find out.

  8. Eleatics • Zeno of Elea • Three paradoxes • Achilles and the Tortoise • A divided bar • The Flecher’sarrow • Melissus • The one is a seamless, unchanging whole. • Change is just in the appearance. Question: What application does Zeno’s logic have today? Research “Thomson’s Lamp” to find out.

  9. The Pluralists • Empedocles • Empedocles wanted to show how change was possible. • Democritus • atomism- The ONE the “ARCHE” is made particles called atoms, • uncuttables that could move and reform within the void.

  10. The Pluralists • Democritus • Death was a dissipation of atoms of the soul, body became devoid of life. • Nothing was random, no real freedom of choice. • Everything happened by necessity. • Democritus wrote on ethics, beliefs about behavior. • He divided what we can know into two types of knowledge: • one by study, genuine. • The other by senses, called the obscure.

  11. The Sophists • Protagoras • He focused on grammar. • He believed that everything was tied to “excellence”. • Gorgias • Lasting knowledge is impossible. • He was an enemy of Socrates and Plato

  12. The Sophists • Antiphon • Natural law and human law re-encounter each other in Antiphon. • He was the first to get to the problem: can we get from what “is” to what “ought” to be. • The sophists said “yes”, Socrates said, “Prove it!”

  13. Socrates • Socrates. . . • Influenced every school of thought in Ancient Greece. • Influenced early Christian Scholars like Justin Martyr and St. Augustine. • Was a Hero of the Peloponnesian War. • fought Spartans. • received a life-long pension.

  14. Socrates • Socrates. . . • Originally a sophist, he soon became greatest teacher in Athens. • Challenged Sophists and publically embarrassed them. • Accused of forsaking the gods, called jury idiots if they believed he was teaching against the gods. • Condemned to death. • Drank hemlock, considered an honorable suicide. • Taught of Plato and Aristotle

  15. Plato • recorder of Socrates trial and death • Wrote The Republic in which most ideas of Republican, representative government arise from • Analogy of the Cave- (video) Plato's Cave • Attacked the Sophists blaming them for Socrates death

  16. Aristotle • Student of Socrates • challenged Plato’s theory of forms saying each particular has a particular • Designation study of nature in to categories like genus and species, Started 1st zoo with help of Alexander the Great • His ideas on universe accepted by Catholic Church till 1700’s • Wrote Physics which started a new field of science, added metaphysics to explain, unexplainable • Wrote extensively about ethics

  17. Epicurus and Stoics • Epicurus • Life to be experienced through the senses • focused on food, cooking schools called Epicureans • Stoics • Believed emotions and feelings dangerous • response to Epicureans who indulged in everything, refused to enjoy anything

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