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STUDENT: WAITHAKA, VERONICA WAMBUI REGISTRATION: F21/2488/2009 SUPERVISOR: JANUARIUS O. AGULLO

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING FEB 540: ENGINEERING PROJECT DESIGN OF AN OPTIMIZED SINGLE DRUM DRYER. STUDENT: WAITHAKA, VERONICA WAMBUI REGISTRATION: F21/2488/2009 SUPERVISOR: JANUARIUS O. AGULLO

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STUDENT: WAITHAKA, VERONICA WAMBUI REGISTRATION: F21/2488/2009 SUPERVISOR: JANUARIUS O. AGULLO

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  1. UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERINGFEB 540: ENGINEERING PROJECT DESIGN OF AN OPTIMIZED SINGLE DRUM DRYER STUDENT: WAITHAKA, VERONICA WAMBUIREGISTRATION: F21/2488/2009 SUPERVISOR: JANUARIUS O. AGULLO EMAIL: roniwaithaka@gmail.com TEL: 0729007494

  2. INTRODUCTION A solution to the paradox of famine amidst rotting surplus food is the instantaneous starches. + =

  3. PROBLEM STATEMENT There is a lack of appropriate and affordable potato drying technologies in Kenya. vs.

  4. OBJECTIVES Overall objectives To design a sustainable optimized industrial single drum dryer for producing potato flakes. Specific Objectives • To establish the pertinent parameters that affect the design of a single drum dryer • To use the parameters obtained in (1) above to size a single drum dryer for the manufacture of potato flakes • To analyze the costs and benefits of the resulting design

  5. SITE ANALYSIS & INVENTORY OlKalou, Nyandarua was a suitable location for a potato flaking factory.

  6. SITE ANALYSIS & INVENTORY-Cont’d • Potatoes • Water • Labour • Electricity • Transport • Software Kenya Counties Electrification(Knoema, 2014)

  7. Amongst industrial dryers the SDD is the best for potato flaking. LITERATURE REVIEW

  8. There are 4 parameters that affect quality of potato flakes. • Temperature • Residence time • Slurry solids • Thickness (Quality potato flakes) (Quality instant mashed potatoes)

  9. METHODOLOGY

  10. RESULTS

  11. Belt configuration

  12. Drive Belts

  13. Stand Design

  14. Stand Design cont’d

  15. Simulations Graph of moisture content variation with time Transient heat transfer(Tg, Tw and Ts are air, wall and slurry temperatures respectively)

  16. BILL OF QUANTITIES

  17. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS • Cost of materials=Ksh 482,600 • Cost of operation=Ksh 60,000 • Business/factory expenses=Ksh 4.58 million • Total sales=Ksh 29 million • Net profit=Ksh 24.3 million

  18. DISCUSSIONS • Residence time • Drum size • Drum thickness • Heater size • Motor sizing • Belt sizing • Stand sizing

  19. CONCLUSIONS • The objectives for the engineering project were met. • The parameters were identified as temperature, residence time, thickness and slurry solids concentration. • The benefits outweighed the cost

  20. DESIGN DRAWINGS

  21. Assembled machine

  22. Section diagram

  23. Recommendations • Fabrication and testing of a prototype • Adjustable drum-applicator roll clearance • Variable speed drive • Sustainable sources of power.

  24. REFERENCES • Gas Technology Institute. (2011). High Efficiency Gas Fired Drum Dryer for Food Processing Applications. California: California Energy Commision. • Abong', G. O., Kabira, J. N., Okoth, M. W., & Ogolla, J. (2011). Potential of Processing Potato Flakes from Popular Potato Varieties. Nairobi: University of Nairobi. • Becchi, F. (2011). Lectures on Mechanics. Retrieved 01 2014, 01, from www.telerobot.it. • Budynas, R. G., & Nisbett, J. K. (2006). Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. • Cording Jr., J., & Willard Jr., M. J. (1957). Patent No. US2787553 A. United States of America. • Gibson, S. (1994, September/October). Industrial Dryers: Sizing, Selection, Costs. Process Heating . • Goyal, S., Kumar, M., & Kaur, A. (2014). Thin Layer Drying Kinetics of Potato Mash. BEST: International Journal of Management, Information Technology and Engineering(BEST:IJMITE) , 43-56. • Hughes, E. (2008). Electrical and Electronic Technology. London: Pearson Education Limited. • Jurendic, T., & Tripalo, B. (2012). Mathematical Modeling of Conductive, Convective and Irradiative Drying of Cereal Based Baby Foods. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology , 126-133. • Kakade, R. H., Das, H., & Ali, S. (2011). Performance Evaluation of a Double Drum Dryer for Potato Flake Production. Journal of Food Science and Technology , 432-439. • Rodriguez, G., Vasseur, J., & Courtois, F. (1996). Design and Control of Drum Dryers for the Food Industry. Part2. Automatic Control. Journal of Food Engineering , 171-183. • Singh R, P., & Heldman, D. R. (2009). Introduction to Food Engineering. London: Elsevier Publishing. • Lienhard IV, J. H., & Lienhard V, J. H. (2006). A Heat Transfer Textbook (3rd Edition ed.). Cambridge: Phlogiston Press. • Luther, W. R., Suter, D. A., & Brusewitz, G. H. (2004). Drying and Dehydration. Food and Process Engineering Technology , 259-284. • Luther, W. R., Suter, D. A., & Brusewitz, G. H. (2004). Heat Transfer. Food and Process Engineering Technology , 111-141.

  25. REFERENCES • Kakade, R. H., Das, H., & Ali, S. (2011). Performance Evaluation of a Double Drum Dryer for Potato Flake Production. Journal of Food Science and Technology , 432-439. • Kalogianni, E. P., Xynogalos, A. V., Karapantsios, T. D., & Kostoglou, M. (2002). Effect of Feed Concentration on the Production of Pregelatinized Starch in a Double Drum Dryer. Lebbensm-Wiss.u.-Technol. , 703-714. • Knoema. (2014). World Data Atlas. Retrieved 02 02, 2014, from Nyandarua - Households with Electricity: http://knoema.com/atlas/Kenya/Nyandarua/Households-with-Electricity • Ktheisen, K. (2008, 12 16). International Potato Center: World Potato Atlas. Retrieved 02 02, 2014, from Consultative Group on INternational Agricultural Research: https://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/wpa/Kenya • Mang'oli, M. K. (2013). Principles of Electrification. FEB 442 . Kenya: University of Nairobi. • Motion System Design. (2001). Gears and Gear Drives. Retrieved 2013 • Murage, G. (2014, 03 20). 1,000 km rural roads repaired in Nyandarua. The Star . • Songa, W. (2009, 11 30). Trends in Food Crop Agriculture and Government Responses to Food Insecurity in Kenya. Kenya: Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya. • USDA. (2012, 01 January). Nutrient Data Laboratory. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from United States Department of Agriculture: http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list • Wolf, L., Kazimi, M. S., & Todreas, N. E. (2003, 12 23). Introduction to Structural Mechanics. Note L.4 . Massachusettes, USA: Massachusettes Institute of Technology Department of Nuclear Engineerng. • Strolle, E., O., Cording J. , Eskew, R., K., Edwards, P. W.(1954) Potato Flakes. A New Form of Dehydrated Mashed Potatoes. Retrieved October 2, 2013, from United States Department Of Agriculture: http://wyndmoor.arserrc.gov/Page/1964/2256.pdf Strolle, E., O., Cording J. (1954) Moisture Equilibria of Dehydrated Mashed Potato Flakes. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from United States Department Of Agriculture: http://wyndmoor.arserrc.gov/Page/1964/2256.pdf • Kasiri, N. , Hasanzadeh, M., A. and Moghadam, M. (2004) Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation of a Drum Dryer. Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction B, Vol. 28, No. B6. Shiraz University. The Islamic Republic of Iran.

  26. Abong’ G.,O, Kabira JN. Diversity and Characteristics of Potato Flakes in Nairobi and Nakuru, Kenya. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research (D). 2012; 12(10):35-39. • Luther, W. R., Suter, D. A., & Brusewitz, G. H. (2004). Transient Heat Transfer. Food and Process Engineering Technology , 143-162. • MacDonald, M. (2013) Project Report on Potato Flakes Processing. Retrieved November 11, 2013, from Gujarat Agro Industries Corp. Ltd: http://www.gujagro.org/Portal/Tender/177/4_1_Project_Report-Potato_Flakes_Mfg.pdf • Lamberti, M., Geiselmann, A., Conde-Petit, A., Escher, F. (2004) Starch transformation and structure development in production and reconstitution of potato flakes. LWT - Food Science and Technology.Volume 37, Issue 4, June 2004, Pages 417–427. • Willard M., (1993) Potato processing: Past, present and future. American Potato Journal. May 1993, Volume 70, Issue 5, pp 405-418. • Willard, M., J., Cording, J, Eskow, R.K, Edwards, P.W and Sultran, J., F. (1954) Potato Flakes. A new Form of Dehydrated Mashed Potatoes. Review of Pilot Plant process. American Potato Journal January 1956, Volume 33, Issue 1, pp 28-31 • Karel, M., Lund, D.B. (2005) Physical Principles of Food Preservation: Revised and Expanded. Marcel Dekker Inc. USA. • Earle, R. L. (1983) Unit Operations in Food Processing. Retrieved October 24, 2013, from New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology Inc.: http://www.nzifst.org.nz/unitoperations/drying1.htm#httransfer • Long, C., Sayma, N. (2009) Heat Transfer. Chris Long, Naema Sayma and Ventus Publishing Co. • Tang, J., Feng, H., Shen, G. (2003) Drum Drying. Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering. Marcel Dekker Ltd. DOI: 10.1081/E-EAFE 120007091. • Sanitary Design (2013) Modern expectations for the food industry. Retrieved October 31, 2013, fromSanitary Design: http://www.sanitarydesign.org/principles.cfm • Cyr, A. (2009) Sanitary Design for food Safety. AIB 8 September/October 2009

  27. DESIGN OF OPTIMIZED SINGLE DRUM DRYERSTUDENT: WAITHAKA, VERONICA WAMBUIREGISTRATION: F21/2488/2009EMAIL:roniwaithaka@gmail.com TEL:0729007494 THANK YOU!

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