Introduction to Computer Science

Introduction to Computer Science Computer Hardware Lecture a This material (Comp 4 Unit 2) was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 90WT0001. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.

Computer HardwareLearning Objectives - 1 • Describe the major components of a computer system (Lectures a, b) • Provide examples of input and output devices used in health care (Lecture a) • Discuss primary and secondary storage devices (Lecture b) • Introduce binary notation and describe data representation, storage, and manipulation in binary format (Lecture b)

Computer HardwareLearning Objectives - 2 • Introduce data types and explain how different data types are stored and addressed (Lecture c) • Describe the functionality of the central processing unit (CPU) (Lecture c) • Provide examples of CPUs designed for health care applications (Lecture c)

What is a Computer? • Programmable electronic device that can automatically perform a sequence of arithmetic and logical operations • Accepts data (input), stores and processes it, and generates results (output) • Consists of • Hardware: Physical components • Software: Set of instructions to perform specific operations

Computer Hardware Components • System components • Motherboard • Ports • Buses • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Peripheral devices • Input and output devices • Storage devices

System ComponentsMotherboard – 1 • Main printed circuit board (PCB) • Holds principal components • Provides communication between principle components • Provides connectors to peripheral devices (Evan-Amos, 2013, CC BY-SA 3.0)

System ComponentsMotherboard – 2 (Evan-Amos, 2013, CC BY-SA 3.0)

Standards Support Functionality • Standards are needed for interoperability between hardware manufactured by various vendors • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) provide standards to which hardware manufacturers comply

Standards Support Interoperability • Without standards, interoperability suffers • Incompatible standards • Rockwell’s K56flex standard • U.S. Robotics’ x2 standard • ITU intervened and together created V.90 standard

Computer Hardware Components - Buses • System components • Motherboard • Ports • Buses • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Peripheral devices • Input and output devices • Storage devices

Motherboard Buses - 1 • Wiring imprinted or affixed to a motherboard that connect motherboard devices • Provides communication between the motherboard and devices connected to it

Motherboard Buses - 2

Computer Hardware Components - CPU • System components • Motherboard • Ports • Buses • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Peripheral devices • Input and output devices • Storage devices

System Components – CPU • Interprets and executes instructions • Computer’s “brain” responsible for all operations • Has its own memory which serves as a “work area” • Multi-core processor has two or more processing units that act independently • Modern computers can have multiple processors

Computer Hardware Components – Peripheral Devices • System components • Motherboard • Ports • Buses • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Peripheral devices • Input and output devices • Storage devices

Peripheral Devices • Hardware that connects to computer but is not part of its essential architecture

Peripheral Devices – Input Devices • Transform external information for computer processing

Input Devices - 1 • Keyboard • Key strokes are interpreted by software into some type of symbol or symbols • Example - capital letter “A” • Sent electronically in binary code to motherboard as “01000001” • Output on monitor in alphabetic format • Mouse • Selects and moves items on the screen

Input Devices - 2 • Microphone converts acoustic signal into digital • Touchpad • Surface is pressure-sensitive • Translates finger movement into pointer movement • Other devices • Game joysticks • Fingerprint readers • Cameras • Bar code readers

Input Devices - 3 • Computerized Tomography (CT) “… a diagnostic procedure that uses special X-ray equipment to obtain cross-sectional pictures of the body.”(California Radiology, Inc.) (Glitzy queen00, 2007, public domain)

Input Devices - 4 • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans • “…a nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body.” (Då.nu, 2016, CC BY-SA 4.0)

Input Devices - 5 • Ultrasonography • Sound waves are used to produce an image. The echoes are received as input from a sonographic probe and translated into pixels. (KitmondoMarketplace, 2013, CC BY 2.0)

Input Devices - 6 • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • a body is placed in a magnetic field and flooded with a radio frequency pulse that produces an image of the body’s interior structure. The image represents the output of an MRI scan of the human head. (Thattai, R., 2005, CC BY-SA 3.0)

Peripheral Components – Output Devices • Communicate results of the data processing in a form comprehensible to humans: • Monitor • Printer • Projector • Speakers

Output Devices - 1 • Monitor • Display that can show computer input and output on screen • Printer • Produces a paper copy based on an electronic document • Connects via USB, parallel, or other port • Speakers • Acoustic device that converts electrical impulses generated by computer into sound

Output Devices - 2 • Voice synthesizer • Produces sound based on text input • Physicist Stephen Hawking’s synthesized “voice” is known throughout the world although he lost his ability to speak in 1985 • Other devices • Projectors • Scanners • Fax machines

Input/Output Devices - 1 • Sonographic equipment • Produces images based on sound waves received (DuBose, T., 2008, CC BY-SA 3.0)

Input/Output Devices - 2 • Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) • An interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes • A recording produced by an electrocardiographic device (ECG Library, 2014)

Other Peripheral Devices • Some combine input and output functionality into a single hardware component • Some standalone hardware can be used as computer devices: • Digital cameras • Cell phones • Tablets • Handheld equipment

Device Connectivity • Connect to the computer via • Ports • Wirelessly • Devices communicate by sending/receiving electronic signals

Computer HardwareSummary – 1 – Lecture a • Major computer components including the motherboard, CPU, I/O devices, memory, and storage devices • Peripheral devices are hardware that connects to computer but is not part of its core architecture; they connect to the computer via ports or wirelessly

Computer HardwareSummary – 2 – Lecture a • Input devices include the keyboard, mouse, and microphones • Medical input devices include CT scanner, PET scanner, ultrasound probes, and MRI scanners • Output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers • Medical output devices include sonographic image producers, EKG systems, and voice synthesizers

Computer HardwareReferences – 1 – Lecture a References Slide 30: Radiology, C. (n.d.). CT (Computed Tomography). Retrieved August 14, 2016, from http://www.californiaradiology.com/uncategorized/ct-computed-tomography/. Slide 31: Positron Emission Tomography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography. Images Slide 6-11:E. (2013, August 29). File:A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg [A A70GXH-128M motherboard, made by ASRock. This motherboard supports AMD AM2 /AM2 socket processors and includes AMD Radeon HD 3300 integrated graphics. It contains a variety of inputs such as SATA, PATA, PCI Express 2.0 x16, PCI Express 2.0 x1 and PCI slots.]. Retrieved August 17, 2016, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Slide 30: A Philips 64 slice 'Brilliance' Scanner. Glitzy queen00. (2007, May 4). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:64_slice_scanner.JPG. Public domain image.

Computer HardwareReferences – 2 – Lecture a Images Slide 31: PET/CT-scanner at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden. Då.nu. (2016, February 22). Retrieved February 13, 2017 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PET_CT_scanner.JPG. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Slide 32: Aloka SSD 3500 ultrasound machine. Kitmondo Marketplace. (2013, November 11). Retrieved August 14, 2016, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ALOKA_SSD-3500SV.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic License. Slide 33: Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan of a head. Thattai, R. (2005, March 4). Retrieved February 13, 2017 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MRI_head_side.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.

Computer HardwareReferences – 3 – Lecture a Images Slide 37: Orthogonal planes of a 3 dimensional sonographic volume with transverse and coronal measurements for estimating fetal cranial volume [image on the Internet]. DuBose, T. (2008, September 27). Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head-3D.jpg. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. Slide 38: Normal adult 12-lead ECG. Jenkins, D., & Gerred, S. (2014). ECG Library. Retrieved February 13, 2017 from http://www.ecglibrary.com/norm.php. This image may be used for any non-commercial purpose with attribution.

Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer HardwareLecture a This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 90WT0001.

Introduction to Computer Science