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Dannelly's Short History of Computing

Dannelly's Short History of Computing. CSCI327 Social Implications of Computing. In the beginning…. Pascal created a calculator in 1652 able to add and subtract A = A + B. photos from en.wikipedia.org. Charles Babbage (1791-1871). Math Tables Problem

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Dannelly's Short History of Computing

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  1. Dannelly's Short Historyof Computing CSCI327 Social Implications of Computing

  2. In the beginning… Pascal • created a calculator in 1652 • able to add and subtract • A = A + B photos from en.wikipedia.org

  3. Charles Babbage (1791-1871) • Math Tables Problem • Difference Engine and Analytical Engines • Abilities • add • subtract • loop • conditional branch • etc… • instructions on punched cards • data cards and instructions were separated

  4. Harvard Mark 1 • mechanical • completed in 1943 • used to compute artillery tables • instructions on paper tape • storage = 72 registers

  5. Digital Electronics 101 • circuits are a series of "gates" • gates can perform AND, OR, NOT, etc • Example - Half Adder: XOR AND Apple's iPad uses the A4 system chip with 177 million transistors

  6. First Generation • based on vacuum tubes • ENIAC • 1946 - Univ of Pennsylvania • base 10, not binary • programmed via wires • EDVAC • based on ENIAC • program stored in memory • UNIVAC • 1951 • first commercial machine • 46 were made

  7. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper • 1906 - 1992 • Harvard Mark II • "bug in the program" • UNIVAC • wrote first compiler • influenced COBOL • programming languages should be closer to English than machine code http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_hopper

  8. Second Generation • based on transistors • 1955-1964 • FORTRAN and COBOL • IO Processors • overlapping the fetch and execute cycles 1947 - Bell Labs Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley Noble Prize in 1956

  9. Second Generation… The IBM 1401 Mainframe leased for about $2500 per month in 1960. This IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit held 2.8 MB of data. Lease = $2100 per month

  10. Third Generation • based on Integrated Circuits • mainframes and minicomputers • IBM 360 • 1964 • equally suited for business or science • 3 ALUs - fixed-point, decimal, floating-point • 16 32-bit general registers • from 8K to 8M of memory

  11. Fourth Generation • based on VLSI • hundreds of thousands of semiconductors per chip • microcomputers • IBM PC released in 1981 www.cs.indiana.edu http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg

  12. Fifth Generation • massively parallel computers • supercomputers • still not in everyone's home • Possible Revision of "5th Generation" • maybe it was the internet-ization of every device • maybe it was mobile-ization of every device, thanks to Lithium-Ion batteries allowing smaller devices

  13. Moore's Law • computing power doubles every two years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_-_2008.svg

  14. Possible Future :Quantum Computing • Classical Mechanics • an object in motion stays in motion blah blah • Quantum Mechanics • a particle can be in two places at once • two particles can be "entangled" regardless of distance or time • there are parallel universes • Quantum Computer • based on Qubits • can be 1, or 0, or 1 and 0 at the same time • computational complexity is no longer relevant • data transfer would be instant • very good at decoding encrypted messages • Oxford has an 8 qubit computer

  15. Stages of a New Technology becoming Viable • Critical Price • Critical Mass • Displacement of Another Technology • Nearly Free Example : Voice Over IP • high speed internet connection cost less $ • over 20% of households get high speed • international calls made over internet • talking to someone in India nearly free via Skype http://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_of_wired_on_tech_s_long_tail.html

  16. The Internet • ARPANET • started in 1967 • fault tolerant • packet-switched • 1973 - TCP/IP enables a network of networks • 1977 - email application • 1984 - DNS introduced with 1000 nodes • 1991 - first web server • 1998 - birth of Google Inc. • http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/ http://www.bsdg.org/Jim/Peer2Peer/Paper/3214_Internet.png

  17. E-Commerce • Third quarter 2013 retail e-commerce was $67 Billion. • 5.9% of total retail sales. • Q3 2013 retail e-commerce was 17.3% higher than Q3 2012. • Total retail sales increased 5.4% is same period. http://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf

  18. Google Revenue by Source

  19. Past Trends and the Future ?

  20. Next Class... • Intro to Ethics • read chapter two • "morality" / "ethics" • relativism / utilitarianism

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