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THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Friday Sept. 14

Understand the significance of carbon in cells and organic compounds. Learn about the structure of carbon and its role in macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Discover the functions and examples of different carbon-based molecules.

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THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Friday Sept. 14

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  1. THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Friday Sept. 14

  2. IV. Importance of Carbon Cells are composed of 70-95% _____ most of the rest is carbon-based compounds water

  3. A. Structure of Carbon 1. Atomic # 6: __ protons & __ electrons; __ in first shell & __ in second 2. Has 4 ________ electrons- so can make four ________ bonds 6 6 2 4 valance covalent

  4. A. Structure of Carbon 3. Usually bonds with: _________________________________________________ 4. Can also form bonds w/other ________ atoms 5. _______ hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus sulfur, nitrogen carbon organic

  5. A. Structure of Carbon Compounds not containing carbon are known as _______ inorganic

  6. B. Macromolecules large macro=______, so these are _________ molecules very large

  7. 1. Polymers many a. poly=________ b. these are large molecules made up of _______________ building blocks similar or identical

  8. 2. Monomers a. mono= ____ b. are the ____________ or sub units of polymers one building blocks

  9. 3. DehydrationSynthesis Reaction that ____________ bonds two or more molecules together ______ is released as waste product covalently Water

  10. 4. Hydrolysis Reaction that ____________ the covalent bond between 2 or more molecules Requires the addition of ______ breaks water

  11. 4. Classes of macromolecules or also called Biomolecules a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ d. ___________________ Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

  12. V. Carbohydrates A. Elements: _______, always a ____ ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O) B. Monomer: monosaccharide C. Function: immediate and _____ ________; building material C, H, O 2:1 stored energy

  13. II. Carbohydrates D. Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of _______________ E. Food source: _________________ plants & fungus sugar & starches

  14. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: 1. Monosaccharides: (__________) a. Simplest of all sugars b. 2 kinds 5-carbon monosaccharides Deoxyribose-Found in ____ Ribose- Found in ____ One sugar DNA RNA

  15. II. Carbohydrates 6-carbon monosaccharides *Three kinds. All having the formula ______; known as _______. * ______ are arranged differently giving each molecule different properties. C6 H12 O6 isomers Atoms

  16. II. Carbohydrates i. Glucose - preferred _______ _______ for most organism; including humans ii. Fructose- _________ found in some fruits iii. Galactose- one component of _____ energy source Very sweet! milk

  17. Isomers

  18. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: Disaccharides: __________ ____ monosaccharides __________ bonded together sucrose- ____________: _________ lactose- ____________: __________ Maltose- ____________________ ________ Two sugars two covalently Table sugar glu + fru Milk sugar glu +galac Found in seeds, grains glu + glu

  19. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides covalently bonded together; two groups a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed _________ energy

  20. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Glycogen- Storage of glucose in _______ Stored in _______________ animals liver & muscles

  21. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: *Starch- Storage of glucose in _______ Humans _________________ to glucose for energy plants CAN break down

  22. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials

  23. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * cellulose component of _____ cell walls human __________________ important source of _____ in our diet plant unable to break down fiber

  24. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Chitin Component of _____________ Component of insect and other arthropod ___________ fungal cell walls exoskeletal

  25. Non-polar VI. Lipids:______ compounds that are __________________ waxy, or oily Fatty A. Elements: ______ many more H than in a carb. B. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids C. Function:_____________; _________; _________ D. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs • Food Source: _______________________ C, H, O, insulation energy storage cushioning butter, shortening, olive oil,

  26. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils a. all have 3 fatty acid tails b. fats _____ at room temperature c. oils ______ at room temperature solid liquid

  27. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils d. _________ fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds e. ___________ fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds f. __________ fats linked to heart disease Saturated Unsaturated Saturated

  28. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 2. Phospholipids a. unique lipid b. found in every living _______________ cell membrane

  29. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 3. Steroids a. used for ________ production b. used for ______ cell structure c. Ex. ____________ hormone animal Cholesterol

  30. IV. Proteins C, H, O, N A. Elements: __________ B. Monomer: ___________ 1. only ___ different amino acids combine in different ___________________________ 2. All 20 are ________ except for a portion called the _______ Amino acids 20 patterns, Numbers, & arrangement identical R-group

  31. IV. Proteins shape • Proteins ______ important to its _______ & determined by interactions between R-groups a. Covalent bonds b. Ionic bonds c. Hydrogen bonds d. Van der Waals Forces- similar in principal to H-bonds; intermoleculear ___________ between _________ functions non-polar attractions

  32. C. Function: support, structure, ___________________________ metabolism D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes enzymes involved in

  33. IV. Proteins E. Food Source: __________________ F. Examples: 1. Enzymes a. ___________________ b. trigger chemical reactions c. could not maintain _____________ without them meats, peanuts, eggs Biological catalysts homeostasis

  34. V. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P A. Elements: ____________ B. Monomer: ___________ C. Function: genetic instructions & usable energy D. Where found in body: nucleus of cells E. Food Source: _______ Nucleotide none

  35. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 1. DNA- a. Deoxyribonucleic acid b. composed of 2 _______ of nucleotides covalently bonded together through dehydration synthesis chains

  36. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 1. DNA- c. twisted together to form a ____________ structure d. contains the ________ instructions for the cell double helix genetic

  37. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 2. RNA- a. Ribonucleic acid b. __________ strand of nucleotides c. __________ the instructions in DNA 3. ATP- a. Adenosine triphosphate b. provides _____________ for the cell single carries out useable energy

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