Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

1. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition Chapter 8 Systems Development Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

2. Why Learn About Systems Development? • In this chapter: • You will see how you can initiate the systems development process and analyze your needs with the help of IS personnel • You will learn how your project can be planned, aligned with corporate goals, and rapidly developed Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

3. An Overview of Systems Development • In today’s businesses: • Managers and employees in all functional areas work together and use business information systems • This chapter will: • Provide you with a deeper appreciation of the systems development process for individuals and organizations Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

4. Participants in Systems Development • Development team: • Determines objectives of the information system • Delivers system that meets objectives • Project: • Planned collection of activities that achieves a goal • Stakeholders: • People who ultimately benefit from project Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

5. Participants in Systems Development (continued) • Users: • People who will interact with the system regularly • Systems analyst: • Professional who specializes in analyzing and designing business systems • Programmer: • Responsible for modifying or developing programs to satisfy user requirements Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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7. Information Systems Planning and Aligning Corporate and IS Goals • Information systems planning: • Translating strategic and organizational goals into systems development initiatives Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

8. Information Systems Planning and Aligning Corporate and IS Goals (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

9. The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle • Systems investigation: • Identifies problems and opportunities and considers them in light of business goals • Systems analysis: • Studies existing systems and work processes to identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement • Systems design: • Defines how the information system will do what it must do to obtain the problem’s solution Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

10. The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (continued) • Systems implementation: • Creates or acquires various system components detailed in systems design, assembles them, and places new or modified system into operation • Systems maintenance and review: • Ensures the system operates as intended • Modifies the system so that it continues to meet changing business needs Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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12. Prototyping • An iterative approach • During each iteration: • Requirements and alternative solutions to the problem are identified and analyzed • New solutions are designed, and a portion of the system is implemented Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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15. Rapid Application Development, Agile Development, and Other Systems Development Approaches • Rapid application development (RAD): • Employs tools, techniques, and methodologies designed to speed application development • Other approaches to rapid development: • Agile development • Extreme programming (XP) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

16. Systems Investigation • What primary problems might a new or enhanced system solve? • What opportunities might a new or enhanced system provide? • What new hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, or procedures will improve an existing system or are required in a new system? • What are the potential costs (variable and fixed)? • What are the associated risks? Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

17. Initiating Systems Investigation • Systems request form: • Filled out by someone who wants IS department to initiate systems investigation • Information included: • Problems in or opportunities for system • Objectives of systems investigation • Overview of proposed system • Expected costs and benefits of proposed system Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

18. Feasibility Analysis • Feasibility Analysis : A key step of the systems investigation phase which assesses technical, economic, legal, operational, and schedule feasibility. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

19. Feasibility Analysis • Technical feasibility : Assessment of whether the hardware, software, and other system components can be acquired or developed to solve the problem. • Economic feasibility : The determination of whether the project makes financial sense and • whether predicted benefits offset the cost and time needed to obtain them. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

20. Feasibility Analysis • Legal feasibility : The determination of whether laws or regulations may prevent or limit a systems development project. • Operational feasibility : The measure of whether the project can be put into action or operation. • Schedule feasibility : The determination of whether the project can be completed in a reasonable amount of time. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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22. The Systems Investigation Report • The primary outcome of systems investigation is a systems investigation report • systems investigation report : A summary of the results of the systems investigation and the process of feasibility analysis and recommendation of a course of action. • Reviewed by steering committee : An advisory group consisting of senior management and users from the IS department and other functional areas. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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24. Systems Analysis • Overall emphasis of analysis: • Gathering data on existing system • Determining requirements for new system • Considering alternatives • Investigating feasibility of solutions • Primary outcome of systems analysis: • Prioritized list of systems requirements Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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26. Data Collection • The purpose of data collection is to seek additional information about the problems or needs identified in the systems investigation report. • Identifying sources of data: • Internal and external sources Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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28. Data Collection • Collecting data: 1- Interviews : Interviews can either be - a structured interview : the questions are written in advance. - an unstructured interview : the questions are not written in advance Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

29. Data Collection 2- Direct observation :Directly observing the existing system in action by one or more members of the analysis team. 3- Questionnaires : A method of gathering data when the data sources are spread over a wide geographic area. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

30. Data Analysis • data analysis:The manipulation of collected data so that the development team members who are participating in systems analysis can use the data. • Data modeling: • Accomplished through the use of entity-relationship (ER) diagram • Activity modeling: • Accomplished through the use of data-flow diagrams • DFDs: • Describe the activities that fulfill a business relationship or accomplish a business task Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

31. Requirements Analysis • Requirements analysis : determine user, stakeholder, and organizational needs • Techniques used to capture systems requirements: - Asking directly : An approach to gather data that asks users, stakeholders, and other managers about what they want and expect from the new or modified system. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

32. Requirements Analysis • Critical success factors (CSFs) : managers and decision makers are asked to list only the factors that are critical to the success of their area of the organization. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

33. Requirements Analysis • The IS plan : the IS plan translates strategic and organizational goals into systems development requirements. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

34. Requirements Analysis • Requirements analysis tools : A number of tools can be used to document requirements analysis, including CASE tools. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

35. The Systems Analysis Report • Systems analysis concludes with a formal systems analysis report. It should cover the following elements: • Strengths and weaknesses of existing system from a stakeholder’s perspective • User/stakeholder requirements for new system • Organizational requirements for new system • Description of what new information system should do to solve the problem Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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37. Systems Design • Systems Design : the stage of systems development that answers the question “How will the information system do what is necessary to solve a problem?” • The primary result of the systems design phase is a technical design that • Details system outputs, inputs, and user interfaces • Specifies hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, and procedures • Shows how these components are related Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

38. Logical and Physical Design Two key aspects of systems design are : • Logical design: • Describes functional requirements of a system • Physical design: • Specifies the characteristics of the system components necessary to put the logical design into action Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

39. Environmental Design Considerations • Environmental design: • Also called green design • Involves systems development efforts that slash power consumption, require less physical space, and result in systems that can be disposed of in a way that doesn’t negatively affect the environment Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

40. Generating Systems Design Alternatives • Request for proposal (RFP): • Document that specifies required resources such as hardware and software in detail • Evaluating and selecting a systems design: • Preliminary evaluation • Final evaluation Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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42. The Design Report • Primary result of systems design • Reflects decisions made and prepares the way for systems implementation Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

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44. Systems Implementation • Includes: • Hardware acquisition • Programming and software acquisition or development • User preparation • Hiring and training of personnel • Site and data preparation • Installation, testing, start-up, and user acceptance Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

45. Acquiring Hardware from an IS Vendor • IS vendor: • Company that offers hardware, software, telecommunications systems, databases, IS personnel, or other computer-related resources • Types of IS vendors include: • General computer manufacturers • Small computer manufacturers • Peripheral equipment manufacturers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

46. Acquiring Software: Make or Buy? • Make-or-buy decision: • Whether to obtain software from external or internal sources • Externally acquired software and Software as a Service (SaaS): • Software as a Service (SaaS) allows businesses to subscribe to Web-delivered application software by paying a monthly service charge Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

47. Acquiring Database and Telecommunications Systems • Databases: • A blend of hardware and software • Virtual databases and database as a service (DaaS): • Popular ways to acquire database capabilities Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

48. User Preparation • Readying managers, decision makers, employees, other users, and stakeholders for new systems • Important but often ignored area of systems implementation Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

49. IS Personnel: Hiring and Training • An organization might have to hire and, in some cases, train new IS personnel • Personnel that might be needed for the new or modified system: • An IS manager • Systems analysts • Computer programmers • Data entry operators Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

50. Site Preparation • Preparing the location of a new system • Developing IS sites that are energy efficient is important • Security is also important for site preparation Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition