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Agenda

Agenda. Morris LeBlanc: CMC Project update CSCW Ubicomp. Part 3 Presentation next week. 15 minutes each (including questions) Load slides onto swiki Motivation Requirements learning from users Design learning from prototyping Evaluation Conclusions Q&A.

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Agenda

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  1. Agenda • Morris LeBlanc: CMC • Project update • CSCW • Ubicomp

  2. Part 3 Presentation next week • 15 minutes each (including questions) • Load slides onto swiki • Motivation • Requirements • learning from users • Design • learning from prototyping • Evaluation • Conclusions • Q&A

  3. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) Thinking about groups, collaboration, and communication

  4. CSCW • Computer Supported Cooperative Work • HCI connotations CSCW • individual use • psychology

  5. CSCW • Study how people work together as a group and how technology affects this • Support the social processes of work, whether co-located or distributed • Support the social processes of a group of people communicating or collaborating in any situation

  6. Examples • Awareness of people in your family, community, workplace... • Mobile communication • Online discussions, blogs • Sharing photos, stories, experiences • Recommender systems • Playing games

  7. Groupware • Software specifically designed • to support group working or playing • with cooperative requirements in mind • NOT just tools for communication • Groupware can be classified by • when and where the participants are working • the function it performs for cooperative work • Specific and difficult problems with groupware implementation

  8. sametime differenttime sameplace differentplace The Time/Space Matrix • Classify groupware by: • when the participants are working, at the same time or not • where the participants are working, at the same place or not • Common names for axes: time: synchronous/asynchronous place: co-located/remote

  9. Face-to-face Post-it note E-meeting room Argument. tool Phone call Letter Video window,wall Email Time/Space Matrix Examples Time Synchronous Asynchronous Co-located Place Remote

  10. A More-fleshed Out Taxonomy A typical space/time matrix(after Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742)

  11. Styles of Systems • Computer-mediated communication • Meeting and decision support systems • Shared applications and tools

  12. Computer-mediated Communication (CMC) Aids • Examples • Email, Chats, virtual worlds • Desktop videoconferencing -- Examples: • CUSee-Me • MS NetMeeting • SGI InPerson

  13. Food for thought… • Why aren’t videophones more popular? • How and when do you use Instant Messaging? How does this differ from email? • What communication technology do you still want?

  14. Meeting and Decision Support Systems • Examples • Corporate decision-support conference room • Provides ways of rationalizing decisions, voting, presenting cases, etc. • Concurrency control is important • Shared computer classroom/cluster • Group discussion/design aid tools

  15. Shared Applications and Tools • Shared editors, design tools, etc. • Want to avoid “locking” and allow multiple people to concurrently work on document • Requires some form of contention resolution • How do you show what others are doing? • Food for thought: • What applications do you use concurrently with someone else? Why? Do they work? • What applications would you want to use concurrently with someone else? Why?

  16. Social Issues • People bring in different perspectives and views to a collaboration environment • Goal of CSCW systems is often to establish some common ground and to facilitate understanding and interaction

  17. Turn Taking • There are many subtle social conventions about turn taking in an interaction • Personal space, closeness • Eye contact • Gestures • Body language • Conversation cues • How is turn taking handled in IM?

  18. Geography, Position • In group dynamics, the physical layout of individuals matters a lot • “Power positions” • How can you tell power in a videoconference?

  19. Awareness • What is happening? • Who is there? e.g. IM buddy list • What has happened… and why? • How do you use awareness in IM? • What other systems have awareness?

  20. Groupware implementation • Often more complicated • feedback and network delays • architectures for groupware • feedthrough and network traffic • robustness and scaling

  21. Groupware Challenges (Grudin) • Who does work vs. who gets benefit • The system may require extra effort for people not really receiving benefit • Critical mass • Need enough people before system is successful • Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers • By Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft) • http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

  22. More Grudin challenges • Social, political, and motivational factors • Outside factors can affect system success • No “standard procedures” • Many procedures and exceptions when it comes to groups interacting • Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers • By Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft) • http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

  23. More Grudin challenges • Infrequent features • How often do we actually use groupware anyway? • Solution: add groupware features to existing individual software • Need to manage deployment and acceptance • Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers • By Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft) • http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

  24. Evaluation • Evaluating the usability and utility of CSCW tools is quite challenging • Need more participants • Logistically difficult • Apples - oranges • Often use field studies and ethnographic evaluations to assist • Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers • By Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft) • http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

  25. Recommendations • Add group features to existing apps • Benefit all group members • Start with niches were application is highly needed • Consider evaluation and adoption early • Expect and plan for development and evaluation to take longer

  26. Example: TeamSpace • Distributed meeting recording and access system • Web interface – groups had workspace, required username to log in • Capture interface – distributed, real time system • Access interface – individual review

  27. TeamSpace issues • Implementation was tough! • Responsiveness important, but then how to handle message delivery and conflicts? • What to do when network goes down? • Debugging was very difficult • Whole group had to agree to be recorded • One person needed to record, then all could review • Infrequently used – easy to forget it was there • Required log in – hard to just try out the system • Good evaluation required adoption, which required all of the above…

  28. Ubiquitous Computing Computers everywhere

  29. Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp) • Move beyond desktop machine • Computing is embedded everywhere in the environment • A new paradigm?? • “off the desktop”, “out of the box”, pervasive, invisible, wearable, calm, anytime/anywhere/any place, …

  30. Ubicomp Notions • Computing capabilities, any time, any place • “Invisible” resources • Machines sense users’ presence and act accordingly

  31. Some videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXuXBROyV-g&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muibPAUvOXk&feature=related

  32. Marc Weiser: The father of ubicomp • Chief Technologist Xerox PARC • Began Ubiquitous Computing Project in 1988 • 1991 Scientific American article got the ball rolling http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html

  33. Ubicomp is ... • Related to: • mobile computing • wearable computing • augmented reality • In contrast with: • virtual reality

  34. HCI Themes in Ubicomp Some of the themes: • Natural interaction • Context-aware computing • Automated capture and access • Everyday computing

  35. How does interaction change? • More “natural” and situated dialogue • Speech & audio • Gesture • Pen • Tangible UIs • Distributed & ambient displays • Plus… sensed context • …and actuating physical objects

  36. Distributed Displays • The Everywhere Display Project at IBM Dynamic Shader Lamps – virtual painting on real objects http://www.cs.unc.edu/~raskar/Shaderlamps/

  37. Ambient Displays • The Information Percolator • http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~hudson/bubbles/ • Ambient Orb • http://www.ambientdevices.com/

  38. Peripheral Displays Kimura Digital Family Portrait

  39. One take on scales • Based on ownership and location • body • desk • room • building From the GMD Darmstadt web site on I-Land

  40. What is Context? • Any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity • Who, what, where, when • Why is it important? • information, usually implicit, that applications do not have access to • It’s input that you don’t get in a GUI

  41. Example: Location services • Outdoor • Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) • wireless/cellular networks • Indoor • active badges, electronic tags • vision • motion detectors, keyboard activity

  42. How to Use Context • To present relevant information to someone • Mobile tour guide • To perform an action automatically • Print to nearest printer • To show an action that user can choose • Want to phone the number in this email?

  43. Context-aware scenarios • Walk into room, lights, audio, etc. adjust to the presence of people • Communication between people (intercoms, phones, etc. ring to room with person) • Security, emergency calls based on people in the home • Monitor health, alert when needed

  44. Automated capture and access • Use of computers to preserve records of the live experience for future use (Abowd & Mynatt 2000) • Points of consideration: • capture needs to be natural • user access is important • details of an experience are recorded as streams of information

  45. Capture & access applications • Compelling applications • Design records • Evidence based care • Everyday communication • Family memories • Annotations • Fusion, indexing, summarization

  46. Example: Personal Audio Loop

  47. Designing for Everyday Activities • No clear beginning or end • Closure vs. flexibility and simplicity • Interruption is expected • Design for resumption • Concurrent activities • Monitoring for opportunity • Time is important discriminator • Interpret events • Associative models needed • Reacquire information from multiple pts of view

  48. Technical Challenges • Connectivity – almost constant • How to gracefully handle changes? • Sensing • How to gather useful info? (i.e. location?) • Integration and analysis of data • How to recognize activity and recover when incorrect? • How to function at acceptable speeds? • Scale – both in information and size of displays

  49. Challenge of Evaluation • Bleeding edge technology • Novelty • Unanticipated uses • Quantitative metrics • Variety of social implications/issues

  50. Social issues • Privacy – who has access to data? • How do we make users aware of what technology is present? • Differing perspectives and opinions • Jane likes that the environment is aware she is present, but John doesn’t…

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