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State-of-the-Art of Internet Traffic Measurement and Analysis

Explore the historical overview and evolution of Internet measurement techniques, current status, and future work in this comprehensive report from the 31st APEC TEL WG Meeting. Learn about Vern Paxson's contributions and challenges in data collection and analysis.

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State-of-the-Art of Internet Traffic Measurement and Analysis

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  1. State-of-the-Art ofInternet Traffic Measurement and Analysis The 31st APEC TEL WG Meeting April 5th, 2005 Bangkok, Thailand Sue B. Moon Division of Computer Science KAIST South Korea

  2. Overview • Brief Historical Overview • Evolution of Measurement Techniques • Status Quo of Measurement Techniques • Future Work

  3. Brief Historical Overview • 1970s and 1980s • Performance was not an issue • Very few papers about performance • “ping” and “traceroute” were only tools • 1990s • Internet exploded • Lack of measurement/analysis/visualization tools sorely felt • Measurement became important in research • 2000s • Competition between ISPs became intense • Service Level Agreements (SLAs) became critical • Security became sales point

  4. Evolution of Measurement Techniques • Internet Design Philosophy • Basic “ping” and “traceroute” • Vern Paxson’s Work • My Personal Perspective

  5. Internet Design Philosophy • Packet switching • Continued communcation around failures • Support for diverse services and protocols • Distributed management of resources • No access control • Simplicity at the core, complexity at the edge

  6. email, WWW, phone, ... SMTP, HTTP, RTP, ... TCP, UDP, ... IP ethernet, PPP, ... CSMA, Sonet, ... Copper, fiber, radio, ... The Internet Hourglass (Deering@IETF)

  7. What is the Internet today? BBN Tier 2 ISP UUnet BT Sprint (AS) Dial-up ISP Peering point

  8. Internet Users Different from PSTN Users • ISPs • Too much & diverse traffic to monitor • Hard to get a complete picture • Routers barely keep up with core tasks • End-users • More options than traditional telco customers

  9. ping • ICMP-based tool for host reachability • Algorithm • Sends an ICMP echo request with: • Identifier for unique ping process • Sequence number per echo request • Receiving host returns an ICMP echo reply • Prints out RTT, TTL, and seq. #. • Issues • Many routers filter out ICMP packets • It goes thru slow path on routers • RTT includes end system processing time

  10. traceroute • Used to find out the forward path to a host • Algorithm • Send an IP datagram with TTL=1 • First router sends back ICMP time exceeded • Then send a datagram with TTL=2 • Continue till destination is reached/TTL expired • Issues • not suited for performance measurements

  11. Vern Paxson’s PhD Thesis • Many findings about Internet Performance • Delay • Loss • Unexpected routing behaviors • route changes, flaps, • Clock synchronization • Incomplete logging

  12. Paxson’s Tools • Instrumented “ping”s • Send packets between a set of nodes • In today’s Internet • Active measurements for performance monitoring • Passive measurements for control-domain monitoring

  13. Passive Measurement • No traffic injected for measurement purpose • Not invasive • Only data collection increases traffic • Access limited • Measurement about total traffic • Privacy/Security - serious concern

  14. Passive Measurement Examples • Packet monitors • Tcpdump for Unix-based hosts • Dedicated measurement systems • DAGMON (up to 10GE) • Router/switch traffic statistics • Network internal behavior • SNMP MIBs • Flow-level information • Cisco’s NetFlow, Juniper’s Accounting, Arbor’s PickFlow

  15. Packet-Level Measurements • Pros : • very fine granularity • Challenges : • link speeds are increasing! • Large volumes of data • system design issues: • disk/PCI bus speeds • installation cost

  16. Challenges in Data Collection • On 1GE link • # of flows per sec = 100K ~ 1 mil • 1KB per flow => 1GB per sec • On 10GE link • # of packets per sec = 10 mil ~ 200 mil • 2GHz processor => 10 cycles • You need 10 GE link to monitor 10 GE link!

  17. Why Sampling/Filtering? • Problems with large volumes of data • feasibility of collection at high-speeds • memory/bus/processor requirements • storage limitations • complexity of analysis

  18. State-of-the-Art • Cisco • sampled netflow • capture 1 in N • aggregate by five-tuple • Juniper • filter on any combination of header fields • sample 1 in N • recommends 1 in 1000 or less • How much data do you collect when N = 1000?

  19. Personal Experience at Sprint • When I first arrived, I heard … • “No loss” on Sprint backbone network • “Almost no delay” • “Cadillac brand of IP service”

  20. Min/Avg/Max Single-Hop Delay per Minute

  21. Single-Hop Delay w/o Cisco Router Idiosyncracies

  22. Data Set 3 Multi-Hop Delay Distributions

  23. Three Paths Connectivity • Data Set 3 Fiber prop.delay 28ms 32ms 34ms

  24. Data Set 3 Path 3 Path 2 Path 1 Min delay of src/dst flow (Data Set 3) Identification of Constant Factors: Multi-Paths • Equal Cost Multi Paths (ECMP) • Src/Dst addresses, Router ID

  25. Peaks in Variable Delay

  26. Closer Look • Queue Build up & Drain

  27. Issues in "Good" Routing • Misbehaving routing protocols • BGP misconfigurations • Pathological behaviors • Frequent changes • Even under normal circumstances • Transient behaviors • Inter/intra-domain routing not well understood

  28. Routing Across Internet • Protocols • Interior Gateway Protocols (IS-IS, OSPF, RIP) • Exterior Gateway Protocols (BGP) • How they work • IGP : find “best” (shortest) path across a domain • BGP : announce reachability between domains • policy determines inter-domain paths

  29. Routing Research Projects • Routeviews • 50+ peering at route-views.oregon-ix.net • MRT format RIBs and BGP updates, “show ip bgp” dumps, route dampening data • only E-BGP • RIPE (Réseaux IP Européens) • routing updates from 9 mostly European IXs • “Looking Glass” services for BGP • Routing information service (RIS)

  30. Scenario for a Transient Routing Loop In Normal Operation

  31. When a link fails, R1 is the first to detect.

  32. R3 is updated before R2.

  33. Finally R2 is updated, and the loop is resolved.

  34. CDF of Routing Loop Duration in Time

  35. VoIP experimental setup [Boutremans2002] • Traffic injected in the network: • 200 byte UDP packets • every 5ms. • Packets captured and timestamped at end-systems. • Traceroute runs continuously during the experiment. • Induced link failures on purpose to evalute convergence time and impact on e2e connections

  36. Information Sources • IS-IS & BGP listener logs • Router logs from both ends of “failing” links • Controlled bi-directional VoIP traffic between Reston and ATL • SNMP data

  37. ~3.4ms ~2.6ms 3 links up 2 links down 2 links up 3 links down Delays (1 sec timescale)

  38. When the two interfaces went down … 6.6 seconds

  39. Traffic “black-holed” for 0.975 seconds Traffic “black-holed” for 1.745 seconds For 30 secs packets follow a shorter path When three links came back up

  40. Approaches To Fix It • Fine-tuning parameters • Timer values [Alattinoglu2002] • Modify Routing Protocols • Suppress advertisement and perform local rerouting using a backwarding table [Lee04] • Centralized path computation [Feamster04,Rexford04] • Exploit multi-path • Our approach to provide Value-Added Service

  41. What I have learned … • No loss, almost no delay • Almost. I gained insight into causes behind • Debunking the myths [Odlyzko2005] • Streaming real-time traffic • QoS • Content is king • Usage-sensitive pricing

  42. Other Issues Tackled • Traffic Matrix Estimation • Inspired by tomography in other fields • Before arrival of efficient NetFlow • Network Anomaly Detection • NIDS, IDS => PCA-based global monitoring • Optimization • Cross-layer resource allocation

  43. Taxonomy of Traffic Matrices • Point-to-Point • demand btwn ingress and egress point • Ingress/Egress : POP, link, router, BGP prefix

  44. Scalability • Example : 20 POPs, 500 routers, 3K links • Granularity/size tradeoff • POP-to-POP : O(100) • router-to-router : O (104) • prefix-to-prefix : O (1010) • Challenge - Collecting, storing and manipulating large TMs!

  45. Usage Based Charging • Feasible? • Where to measure? • At last hop • Scenario • A: “I want to download B’s webpage” • B: “That page is 1MB large” • A: “OK” • Between ISPs • What do you do with retx, ack, delay?

  46. Future Work • In Measurement Technology • Keep up with increased link speed 40GE • Improve sampling techniques • Infer what we cannot measure • Pinpoint security holes • Personal perspective • More into creating value-added services • MPLS/VPN performance issues • “Sound” Measurement Infrastructure

  47. Acknowledgements • Thank D. Papagiannaki, B.-Y. Choi, U. Hengartner, C. Boutresmans, and G. Iannaccone for help with the slides.

  48. BACKUP SLIDES

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