Social Learning Theory – examines the impact observational learning has on personality

1. 1. Personality is the unique characteristics of a person. Personality theories provide a way of organizing what you know about yourself and other, explain differences among individuals, explore how people conduct their lives, and determine how life can be improved. 2. Psychoanalytic Theory – Created by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the importance of motives hidden in the unconscious Behaviorist Theory – Created by B.F. Skinner, studies the way rewards and punishments shape our actions

2. Social Learning Theory – examines the impact observational learning has on personality Cognitive Theory – focuses on how our thoughts, perceptions, and feelings shape our personalities Humanistic Theory – Abraham Maslow, people strive for self-actualization, a person’s potential for growth, such as creativity and spontaneity Trait Theory – emphasizes the importance of understanding basic personality characteristics (traits)

3. 3. id – the part of the unconscious that drives our needs, wants, and instincts ego – part of the unconscious that is in touch with reality superego – source of conscious that tries to counteract the id 4. rationalization – making excuses for your actions repression – pushing of urges out of consciousness

4. denial – refuse to accept reality projection – believe impulses coming from within are coming from other people reaction formation – replacing an unacceptable urge with an acceptable one displacement – you cant confront the source of your frustration, so you take it out on something else sublimation – redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable one

5. 5. collective unconscious – the part of the mid that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people 6. inferiority complex – pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source 7. Abraham Maslow’s idea for realizing one’s unique potential 8. an individual whose person and self coincide 9. idea that our perceptions of ourselves and the environments we live in, shape who we are

6. 10. the struggle of stability vs. instability, the struggle of extraversion vs. introversion, the suppression of psychoticism. 11. anxiety – a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger 12. phobia – intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation 13. agoraphobia – fear of being in a public place 14. o – uncontrollable pattern of thoughts c – repetitive performance of a coping behavior

7. 15. post-traumatic stress disorder – victims of traumatic events continue to experience the event even after it is over. 16. somatoform disorder – formerly known as hysteria, shows symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause 17. conversion disorder – emotional difficulties lead to a loss of body functions hypochondriasis – a person in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments

8. 18. dissociative disorder – person experiences alterations in memory, identity or consciousness 19. dissociative amnesia – loss of memory dissociative fugue – person unexpectedly travels away and is unable to recall the past dissociative identity disorder – a person exhibits two or more personality states 20. schizophrenia – a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions

9. 21. delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, disturbances of affect, deterioration in normal movement, decline in previous levels of functioning, diverted attention 23. paranoid – involves hallucinations and delusions catatonic – remain motionless for long periods for time disorganized – incoherent language, inappropriate emotions, disorganized behavior remission – currently showing no symptoms

10. 23 (cont.) undifferentiated – encompasses many different symptoms 22. word salad – common name for incoherent patterns in schizophrenics 24. burn-out – caused by long-term hospitalization, patients can no longer function in society 25. major depressive disorder – severe form of lowered mood, where a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure

11. Bipolar disorder – individual alternates between feelings of extreme happiness or joy and depression Seasonal affective disorder – depression that comes and goes with the weather 26. psychological dependence – use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels anxious without it 27. addiction – persistent desire to obtain and use a certain drug

12. Tolerance – physical adaptation to a drug so a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect Withdrawal – occurs after a person stops using the drug, symptoms include mild nausea to death 28. psychotherapy – any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems 29. The primary goal of psychology is to strengthen the patient’s control over his or her life

13. 30. psychoanalysis – therapy aimed at making the patient aware of their unconscious, based on the work of Freud humanistic – focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person, and their desire to reach full potential cognitive – using thoughts and behavior to control emotion behavioral – changing undesirable behavior through conditioning techniques biological – use of medication to balance illness

14. Eclectic approach – use of a combination of different methods to help patient 31. placebo effect – the influence that a patients hopes and expectations have on his or her improvement during therapy 32. 1. psychologically healthy 2. empathy – capacity for warmth and understanding 3. experience in dealing with people

15. 33. insight – sudden realization of the solution to a problem 34. free association – method used to examine the unconscious by saying whatever comes to mind. Used by Freud resistance – reluctance of a patient to reveal painful feelings 35. manifest content – actual contents of your dreams latent content – what your dream mean

16. 36. transference – feeling toward an analyst the way you feel toward some other figure in your life. 37. client-centered therapy – client and therapist are partners in therapy 38. nondirective therapy – free flow of images and ideas, with no particular direction active listening – empathetic listening unconditional positive regard – consistent expression of acceptance of the patient, no matter what they say or do

17. 39. disconfirmation – clients are confronted with evidence that directly disproves their existing beliefs reconceptualization – clients work toward an alternative belief system to explain their experiences or current observations 40. Rational-emotive Therapy – changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people 41. counterconditioning – pairs the stimulus that causes unwanted behavior with a new, desired behavior

18. Operant conditioning – rewarding good behavior, to encourage its repetition 42. systematic desensitization – technique to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties flooding – therapist exposes the client to feared objects modeling – watching someone else do feared behavior aversive conditioning – linking two unwanted things to eliminate behavior

19. 43. contingency management – undesirable behavior is not reinforced, while desirable behavior is reinforced token economies – reinforcers are valueless objects that can be then traded in for various rewards 44. cognitive-behavior therapy – substituting healthy thoughts for negative thoughts and changing disruptive behaviors in favor of healthy ones.

20. 45. antipsychotic drugs – medication to reduce agitation, by blocking activity of the brain antidepressants – increases the amount of noradrenalin and/or serotonin in the brain lithium carbonate – counteracts mood swings of bipolar disorder antianxiety drugs – medication that depresses the activity of the central nervous system 46. electroconvulsive therapy – electrical shock sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of distrubance

21. 47. psychosurgery – medical operation that destroys part of the brain to make the patient calmer and freer of symptoms 48. prefrontal lobotomy – radical form of psychosurgery that increases apathy while sacrificing creativity