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The Rise of Militancy: Challenges to Equality and Justice

Explore the historical context and factors that led to the rise of militancy in the fight for equality and justice, through the lens of influential figures like MLK, Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers.

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The Rise of Militancy: Challenges to Equality and Justice

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  1. “You're not supposed to be so blind with patriotism that you can't face reality. Wrong is wrong, no matter who says it.” “Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you’re a man you take it.” “I don't even call it violence when it's in self defense; I call it intelligence.” “I am for violence if non-violence means we continue postponing a solution to the American black man's problem just to avoid violence.” Do you agree??? If so, which ones?

  2. “An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law,” MLK. “Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery,” Malcolm X.

  3. The Rise of Militancy • Change too slow/not enough • As late as 1969, 15 years after Brown, only 1 percent of the black students in the Deep South states were attending public schools with whites. • Anti-miscegenation laws until 67’ • defactosegregation - “white flight” • 1950s, the white population of Detroit declined by 23%, non-whites rose from 16.1% to 29.1%. Black population of Detroit increased from 303,000 to 487,000 during that decade. • Wall along eight mile road – Detroit • Poor living conditions, menial jobs • Police violence ** • Harlem, one black police officer for every six white police officers/ In Newark, NJ 145 of the 1322 police officers were black/ 16 of Oakland, Ca’s 661 police officers were African American

  4. “..The entire American economy is based on white supremacy. Even the religious philosophies, in essence, white supremacy. A white Jesus. A white Virgin. White angels. White everything. But a black Devil, of course. The "Uncle Sam" political foundation is based on white supremacy, relegating nonwhites to second−class citizenship. It goes without saying that the social philosophy is strictly white supremacist. And the educational system perpetuates white supremacy.” Malcolm X

  5. The Nation of Islam • Detroit, Wallace Fard Muhammad, 1930’, Detroit • Messiah, prophet • Christianity white man’s religion • Empower spiritually, economically, socially, politically • Black pride = Black Muslims • Racial pride, black political and cultural institutions, advance black values • Elijah Muhammad • 34’ until 75’ • African Americans should separate from white society • Armed self-defense • Avoid draft

  6. Malcolm X Malcolm Little – Omaha, Nebraska --Hard early life Conversion in jail (common) --blacks should achieve what theirs “by all means necessary” “The Hate that Hate Produced” Split with NOI in 64’ – Elijah Muhammad scandal Trip to Mecca, Saudi Arabi --“ballots over bullets” Replaced by L. Farrakhan Malcolm X assassinated 1965

  7. Malcolm's dislike for the white race was formed early in life. "My father was the color of this," he once recalled, pointing to his black shoes, "and my mother, whose mother was raped by a white man, was light enough to pass for white. I hate every drop of white blood in me because it is the blood of a rapist."...

  8. The Black Panthers (for Self-Defense) • Formed in 1966 - Oakland, CA • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • Police brutality – elements Marxism • “Free Breakfast for Children • Black Power • Economic exploitation • Ten-Point Program, "Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace“ • Stokely Carmichael and SNCC • 67’ – more militant • "This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!"

  9. Riots Break Out in Northern Cities • Philadelphia 1964 • Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth 1964 • Watts Riots (LA) 1965 • Newark and Plainfield 1967 • “powder keg” • Detroit 1967 • Chicago 1968 • Baltimore 1968

  10. In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=my3doRW-HWA • Watts Riots • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gC2ObNqHq7E • -Newark Race Riots • http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11966375 • -audio slide show

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