Because _____________ has 4 equidistant binding sites, it can readily form single, double and even triple bonds.

1. Because _____________ has 4 equidistant binding sites, it can readily form single, double and even triple bonds. Carbon

2. Macromolecules are made by a ____________________ reaction or synthesis. dehydration

3. The genetic material of which kinds of cells are a single, circular molecule floating about in the cytoplasm?______________ bacteria

4. A phospholipids has a phosphate group in place of a f________ a______ acid fatty

5. __________________ are a special class of proteins that serve as a catalyst for reactions. Enzymes

6. Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances. This organelle is calledthe _____________ vacuole

7. To flow freely across a lipid membrane, __________ needs aquaporins to flow through since it is polar and can not diffuse through the hydrophobic part of the membrane. water

8. _____________ _____________ such as glucose and fructose, are molecules that have the same number of atoms, but a different structure. Structural Isomers

9. Which of the following is NOT present in ALL eukaryotic cells?endoplasmic reticulumribosomechromosomecell wallGolgi body

10. A net gain of water tends to occur in a hyper-osmotic solution from a hypo-osmotic solutiona hypo-osmotic solution from a hyper-osmotic solution

11. Macromolecules that do not dissolve in water and hold a great deal of energy are called _______________ lipids

12. The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved in the packaging and processing of proteins into vesicles to be shipped out of the cell is calledthe _______ __________ Golgi Apparatus

13. A cell engulfs an organism, enclosing it in a vesicle. The organism is partially digested in that vesicle. The cell then expels the indigestible waste through the membrane. The cell is using.endocytosis followed by phagocytosisphagocytosis followed by exocytosisexocytosis followed by phagocytosis

14. If the pH, temperature, or substrate of a protein (enzyme) changes, the proteins can undergo _____________________ or the unfolding of the molecule. denaturation

15. The nucleolus is the site of protein synthesisribosome assemblychromosome replicationlipid synthesisuncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes

16. Imagine a cell at equilibrium with its environment and without any transport mechanisms other than the sodium-potassium pump. If the pump functioned continuously, the cell wouldremain at equilibriumexperience increased hydrostatic pressurebecome hyperosmoticshrinknone of these are correct

17. The subunits of nucleic acids are called ______________________ and have three parts; the nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate. nucleotides

18. Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually onlyafter the cell is deadduring cell divisionwhile the DNA is being copied into RNAwhile the proteins are being assembledwhile the nuclear pores are open

19. Most healthy plant cells are turgid because they are _________________ to their environment.hyper-osmotichypo-osmotic hyperosmotic

20. The functional group NH2 is an _______________ group and found in proteins amine

21. Insect bodies, crab shells, and lobster shells are made up of a polysaccharide called ____________ chitin

22. The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy in macromolecules are stored in ATP is the _______________ mitochondrion

23. If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is calledisotonichypertonichypotonic

24. The linear or sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called the ____________________ structure. primary

25. Very large cells cannot survive because they lack sufficientmassvolumesurface areaDNA

26. In bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their plasma membranesorganellescytoskeletons cell wallsflagella

27. Triglycerides contain fatty acids and ______________________ glycerol

28. Proteins synthesized by the rough ER arefor internal storageto build more membranes in the cellto digest food in lysosomesfor internal regulationexported from the cells

29. Some single-celled eukaryotes remove the water entering by osmosis by a process called extrusion with theirmitochondriacell wallsmicrobodiescontractile vacuolesGolgi bodies

30. Animals store glucose in the form of _______________________ glycogen fat

31. In bacteria, some of the functions of eukaryotic cells are performed byvesicleslysosomesmitochondrianucleolithe plasma membrane

32. In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used up with the result that3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter3 sodium ions enter and 2 potassium ions leave

33. A ________________ bond holds two amino acids together peptide

34. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a factor in the movement of water through a terrestrial plant? The cohesion of waterThe influence of gibberellin on cell expansion Capilary action Root pressureThe evaporation of water from the leaves

35. All of the following statements about a chloroplast and a mitochondrion are true EXCEPT:Both use proton gradients for energy production.Both capture light energy.Both contain DNA. Both are bounded by two unit membranes. Both synthesize ATP.

36. Saturated fats have the most calories/energy due to the large numbers of ____________ to ___________ bonds carbon carbon

37. The _______________________ is the framework for support inside a cell. It is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. cytoskeleton

38. Cholesterol functions in the plasma membrane to transport ionsserve as an energy moleculemaintain fluiditymediate steroid actionmaintain hypertension

39. The bond between two subunits of a macromolecule is broken during a __________________ reaction. catabolic hydration

40. According to the ___________________ theory, eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotic cells which provided the host cell with special metabolic activity Endosymbiotic

41. Many surface proteins are anchored bypolar amino acidshydrogen bonding amino acidsnonpolar fatty acidsnonpolar amino acidspolar fatty acids

42. In nucleic acids, the purines are _________________ and ____________________ Guanine Adenine

43. The presence of the ___________________ is the most fundamental difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. nucleus

44. Transmembrane proteins arealways fixed in positionalways abundantnever fixed in positionnever abundant none of the above

45. The _______ group, or side group determines the chemical properties of an amino acid. R

46. A cell engaged in pinocytosis must beengulfing a live organism engulfing a dead organismengulfing a liquidtransporting solids out

47. There are __________ carbon atoms in a glucose molecule 6

48. In an aqueous sugar solution, sugar is the S______________ and water is the S______________. solute solvent

49. There are no carbon-to-carbon double bonds in ________________ fats. saturated

50. There are ____________ hydrogen atoms in a glucose molecule. 12