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VECTOR CALCULUS

16. VECTOR CALCULUS. VECTOR CALCULUS. 16.3 Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals. In this section, we will learn about: The Fundamental Theorem for line integrals and determining conservative vector fields. . FTC2. Equation 1 .

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VECTOR CALCULUS

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  1. 16 VECTOR CALCULUS

  2. VECTOR CALCULUS 16.3 Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals • In this section, we will learn about: • The Fundamental Theorem for line integrals • and determining conservative vector fields.

  3. FTC2 Equation 1 • Recall from Section 5.3 that Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC2) can be written as: • where F’ is continuous on [a, b].

  4. NET CHANGE THEOREM • We also called Equation 1 the Net Change Theorem: • The integral of a rate of change is the net change.

  5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM (FT) FOR LINE INTEGRALS • Suppose we think of the gradient vector of a function f of two or three variables as a sort of derivative of f. • Then,the following theorem can be regarded as a version of the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals.

  6. FT FOR LINE INTEGRALS Theorem 2 • Let C be a smooth curve given by the vector function r(t), a≤ t ≤ b. • Let f be a differentiable function of two or three variables whose gradient vector is continuous on C. • Then,

  7. NOTE • Theorem 2 says that we can evaluate the line integral of a conservative vector field (the gradient vector field of the potential function f) simply by knowing the value of fat the endpoints of C. • In fact, it says that the line integral of is the net change in f.

  8. NOTE • If f is a function of two variables and C is a plane curve with initial point A(x1, y1) and terminal point B(x2, y2), Theorem 2 becomes:

  9. NOTE • If f is a function of three variables and C is a space curve joining the point A(x1, y1, z1) to the point B(x2, y2, z2), we have:

  10. FT FOR LINE INTEGRALS • Let’s prove Theorem 2 for this case.

  11. FT FOR LINE INTEGRALS Proof • Using Definition 13 in Section 16.2, we have: • The last step follows from the FTC (Equation 1).

  12. FT FOR LINE INTEGRALS • Though we have proved Theorem 2 for smooth curves, it is also true for piecewise-smooth curves. • This can be seen by subdividing C into a finite number of smooth curves and adding the resulting integrals.

  13. FT FOR LINE INTEGRALS Example 1 • Find the work done by the gravitational field • in moving a particle with mass m from the point (3, 4, 12) to the point (2, 2, 0) along a piecewise-smooth curve C. • See Example 4 in Section 16.1

  14. FT FOR LINE INTEGRALS Example 1 • From Section 16.1, we know that F is a conservative vector field and, in fact, , where:

  15. FT FOR LINE INTEGRALS Example 1 • So, by Theorem 2, the work done is:

  16. PATHS • Suppose C1 and C2 are two piecewise-smooth curves (which are called paths) that have the same initial point A and terminal point B. • We know from Example 4 in Section 16.2 that, in general,

  17. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD • However, one implication of Theorem 2 is thatwhenever is continuous. • That is, the line integral of a conservativevector field depends only on the initial point and terminal point of a curve.

  18. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • In general, if F is a continuous vector field with domain D, we say that the line integral is independent of pathif • for any two paths C1 and C2 in D that have the same initial and terminal points.

  19. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • With this terminology, we can say that: • Line integrals of conservative vector fields are independent of path.

  20. CLOSED CURVE • A curve is called closedif its terminal point coincides with its initial point, that is, r(b) = r(a)

  21. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • Suppose: • is independent of path in D. • C is any closed path in D

  22. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • Then, we can choose any two points Aand B on C and regard C as: • Being composed of the path C1 from A to Bfollowed by the path C2 from B to A.

  23. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • Then, • This is because C1 and –C2 have the same initial and terminal points.

  24. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • Conversely, if it is true that whenever C is a closed path in D, then we demonstrate independence of path as follows.

  25. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • Take any two paths C1 and C2 from A to Bin D and define C to be the curve consisting of C1 followed by –C2.

  26. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • Then, • Hence, • So, we have proved the following theorem.

  27. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH Theorem 3 • is independent of path in Dif and only if: for every closed path C in D.

  28. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • We know that the line integral of any conservative vector field F is independent of path. • It follows that for any closed path.

  29. PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION • The physical interpretation is that: • The work done by a conservative force field (such as the gravitational or electric field in Section 16.1) as it moves an object around a closed path is 0.

  30. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • The following theorem says that the only vector fields that are independent of path are conservative. • It is stated and proved for plane curves. • However, there is a similar version for space curves.

  31. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • We assume that D is open—which means that, for every point P in D, there is a disk with center P that lies entirely in D. • So, D doesn’t contain any of its boundary points.

  32. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH • In addition, we assume that D is connected. • This means that any two points in Dcan be joined by a path that lies in D.

  33. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Theorem 4 • Suppose F is a vector field that is continuous on an open, connected region D. • If is independent of path in D, then F is a conservative vector field on D. • That is,there exists a function fsuch that

  34. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • Let A(a, b) be a fixed point in D. • We construct the desired potential function f by defining • for any point in (x, y) in D.

  35. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • As is independent of path, it does not matter which path C from (a, b) to (x, y) is used to evaluate f(x, y). • Since D is open, there exists a disk contained in D with center (x, y).

  36. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • Choose any point (x1, y) in the disk with x1 < x. • Then, let C consist of any path C1 from (a, b) to (x1, y) followed by the horizontal line segment C2 from (x1, y) to (x, y).

  37. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • Then, • Notice that the first of these integrals does not depend on x. • Hence,

  38. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • If we write F = Pi +Qj, then • On C2, y is constant; so, dy = 0.

  39. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • Using t as the parameter, where x1≤ t ≤ x, we have: • by Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC1).

  40. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • A similar argument, using a vertical line segment, shows that:

  41. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD Proof • Thus, • This says that F is conservative.

  42. DETERMINING CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS • The question remains: • How is it possible to determine whether or not a vector field is conservative?

  43. DETERMINING CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS • Suppose it is known that F = Pi + Qjis conservative—where P and Q have continuous first-order partial derivatives. • Then, there is a function f such that ,that is,

  44. DETERMINING CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS • Therefore, by Clairaut’s Theorem,

  45. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS Theorem 5 • If F(x, y) = P(x, y) i + Q(x, y) jis a conservative vector field, where P and Q have continuous first-order partial derivatives on a domain D, then, throughout D,we have:

  46. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS • The converse of Theorem 5 is true only for a special type of region.

  47. SIMPLE CURVE • To explain this, we first need the concept of a simple curve—a curve that doesn’t intersect itself anywhere between its endpoints. • r(a) = r(b) for a simple, closed curve. • However, r(t1) ≠ r(t2) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

  48. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS • In Theorem 4, we needed an open, connected region. • For the next theorem, we need a stronger condition.

  49. SIMPLY-CONNECTED REGION • A simply-connected regionin the plane is a connected region D such that every simple closed curve in D encloses only points in D. • Intuitively, it contains no hole and can’t consist of two separate pieces.

  50. CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS • In terms of simply-connected regions, we now state a partial converse to Theorem 5 that gives a convenient method for verifying that a vector field on is conservative. • The proof will be sketched in Section 16.3 as a consequence of Green’s Theorem.

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