www.southernpinebeetle.nj.gov

1. www.southernpinebeetle.nj.gov

2. History of SPB (Dendroctonus frontalis) • Active for decades in Southeastern U.S. • Reported insect problem in New Jersey in 2001 • Confirmed by NJFS & USFS

3. NJ SPB Movement | 2002-2010 Egg Harbor River

4. NJ SPB Movement | 2002-2010

5. NJ SPB Movement | 2002-2010 Mullica River

6. 2001-2011 | SPB Infested Acres in NJ NJ Forest Service 2010

7. 2011 NJ SPB Infestations 2011 SPB Infestation 2002-2010 SPB Infestations Current CFMP Community Forestry Management Plan • 852 Infestations • 6,789 Acres • <1/2 infestations DEP • >1/2 infestations private non-DEP

8. 2006-2020from U.S. Forest Service NJ SPB Mortality Projections > 25% tree mortality 15-25% tree mortality 5-15% tree mortality Mortality potential without intervention

9. 2011 | SPBRapidly Expands

10. SPB Impact | Quick tree loss Gerald J. Lenhard, Louisiana State University, Bugwood.org • Trees may show signs within days of attack • Pines die as quickly as 3-4 weeks after initial attack

11. SPB Impact | Canopy Loss • Changes forest type • Decreases wildlife habitat • Reduces recreation and aesthetic quality • Increases stream temperatures and sediment buildup Pine warbler Ollie Knott,Georgia Forestry Commission,Bugwood.org

12. SPB Impact | Hazard Trees • Dead pines are highly susceptible to rot fungi • Branches and tops readily break • Poses a danger to people and property

13. SPB Impact | Wildfire Risk • Dead trees are standing fuel • Falling needles increase ladder fuels • Forest floor dries faster without canopy cover Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

14. SPB Impact | Blue Stain Fungi • Beetles transmit fungus • Fungus establishes in days • Wood’s value decreases Erich Vallery, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

15. SPB Lifecycle • 4-6 weeks to mature • Multiple generations per year in the same area • Larval stage feeds on tree’s inner bark • Galleries girdle tree Richard Kliefoth, Boyce Thompson Institute

16. SPB Signs | Stage 3 - Vacated Red crown or no foliage Clerid larvae or pupae Ambrosia beetle dust Loose bark, blue stain Exit Holes Ron Billings G. Keith Douce Erich G. Vallery State Forestry Services State Forestry Services

17. SPB Signs | Stage 2 – Brood Trees Hardened pitch tubes Galleries with larvae or pupae Green crowns fade to yellow New adults Gerald J. Lenhard Louisiana State University Erich G. Vallery Erich G. Vallery Erich G. Vallery

18. SPB Signs | Stage 1 – Fresh attacks Adult clerids on bark Boring dust in bark crevices Fresh pitch tubes Green crown Erich G. Vallery Cleridae, Wikipedia Erich G. Vallery Ron Billings

19. SPB Look-alikes Small southern pine engraver Ips avulsus 2 to 3 mm Fivespined engraver Ips grandicollis 3 to 4 mm Sixspined engraver Ips calligraphus 4 to 5 mm Southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis 3 to 4 mm Black turpentine beetle Dendroctonus terebrans 6 to 8 mm Gerald J. Lenhard, Louiana State Univ, Bugwood.org

20. SPB Look-alikes | Black turpentine beetle Black Turpentine Beetle Southern Pine Beetle North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, Bugwood.org

21. SPB Look-alikes | Engraver Ips beetles Jeffrey Eickwort, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org Ips grandicollis 3.5 to 6.5 mm Ips avulsus 2.3 – 2.8 mm Ips calligraphus 2.8 to 4.7 mm

22. SPB Look-alikes • Engraver Ips Beetles • I, Y, or H shaped galleries • Found in the top half of the tree • Rear of beetle has spines and a “scooped” appearance • Southern Pine Beetle • Rear of the beetle is rounded • Found throughout the tree • Black Turpentine Beetle • Rear of the beetle is rounded • Found in the lowest 18 inches Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

23. SPB Spot Growth

24. SPB Triangle for Spot Growth Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

25. Expanding SPB Infestation • Generally expands in one direction • May fly and start new hotspot in adjacent forest

26. Effects of SPB Spot Disruption Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

27. Cut-and-Leave Suppression • Disorients beetles and disrupts population growth • Found successful in prior suppression efforts across the US and Central America

28. Cut-and-Salvage Suppression • Decreases fire hazard • Disrupts all life stages • Preferred method

29. Successful Suppression | Winslow WMA

30. NJFS | SPB Monitoring • Monitors SPB and clerid populations • 18 Traps • Baited with pheromones and turpentine • Contents sent to US Forest Service Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

31. NJFS | Managing DEP Lands • Survey - aerial flights • Map data and determine ownership • Verify state lands spots on ground • Mark area for cutting • Cut within a week • Monitor after treatment via air and ground

32. NJFS | Managing Other Lands • NJFS communicates with Municipal liaison • Municipality notifies private landowners • Municipal grants available for management and restoration Ollie Knott, Georgia Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org

33. NJFS | SPB Process Detect SPB Determine Property Ownership Non-DEP Property DEP Property Other State Agency Notification Municipal Notification Prioritize Ground Truthing Confirm SPB Confirm SPB Encourage Suppression Ground Truth and Flag Suppression Area Ground Truth and Flag Suppression Area Large Infestation Small Infestation Perform Suppression Action Perform Suppression Action Consulting Forester CTE or Arborist Monitor and Report Monitor and Report Monitor and Report

34. Landowners | Protect Individual Trees • Safeguard high-value trees • Treat trees with spray or injection • Protect a tree for 3 months to 2 years depending on treatment • Contact a licensed pesticide applicator • *Only effective prior to an attack Emamectin benzoate (TREE-age) Arborjet

35. Landowners | SPB Assistance • Southern Pine Beetle Cost-share • for those participating in: • Farmland Assessment Program • Forest Stewardship Program • USDA - Natural Resources • Conservation Service • Environmental Quality Incentive Program Funded by a grant from the US Forest Service Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

36. Southern Pine Beetle Case Study • Proposed: Indian Mounds Wilderness • 12,369 acres • Easternmost point of Texas • Borders Louisiana • SPB allowed to follow natural course due to restrictions on forest management

37. July 1992, Texas |Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

38. Feb 1993, Texas |Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

39. June 1993, Texas |Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

40. Aug 1993, Texas |Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

41. SPB in Texas |Indian Mounds Wilderness To date, SPB impacted 68% of Indian Mounds Wilderness Area

42. What you can do 2/3 of New Jersey forests are privately owned • to minimize SPB impact • Recognize telltale SPB signs • Act quickly before SPB spreads • Perform suppression • Salvage and sell or utilize • Restore • Treat high value trees • Thin your forest

43. What you can do • Contact a forestry professional • Certified Tree Expert • ISA Certified Arborist • Approved Consulting Forester • Or your local: • Shade tree commission • Environmental commission • Garden club • Master gardeners • County Extension Services Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

44. For updates visit: www.southernpinebeetle.nj.gov