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Introduction to Computer Networks: LAN, MAN & WAN | IIT Kanpur Content

Explore the fundamentals of computer networks, including physical media, network architectures, topologies, components, and applications. Learn about LANs, MANs, and WANs, networking devices, media types, and network protocols. Discover the role of servers and clients, and delve into networking technologies like TCP/IP. Get insights into various networking applications such as email, e-commerce, VoIP, and more. Dive deep into different networking media such as copper, coaxial cable, twisted pair, optical fiber, and wireless, understanding their characteristics and applications. Learn about physical media types like coaxial cable, twisted pair, and optical fiber, and grasp concepts of total internal reflection in fiber optics. Develop a comprehensive understanding of networking technologies and components.

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Introduction to Computer Networks: LAN, MAN & WAN | IIT Kanpur Content

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  1. Navpreet Singh INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS(LAN, MAN & WAN) Computer Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur INDIA (Ph : 2597371, Email : navi@iitk.ac.in)

  2. Content Content • Introduction to Computer Networks • Physical Media • Overview Of Network Architectures • Campus Networks • Enterprise Networks • Internet

  3. Introduction to Computer Networks Computer Networks • Computer network connects two or more autonomous computers. • The computers can be geographically located anywhere.

  4. Introduction to Computer Networks LAN, MAN & WAN • Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network) • Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)

  5. Introduction to Computer Networks Applications of Networks • Resource Sharing • Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) • Software (application software) • Information Sharing • Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases) • Search Capability (WWW) • Communication • Email, Chat, VoIP • Message broadcast • Remote computing • Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

  6. Introduction to Computer Networks Network Topology • The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

  7. QUESTIONS?

  8. Introduction to Computer Networks Network Components • Physical Media • Interconnecting Devices • Computers • Networking Software • Applications

  9. Introduction to Computer Networks Networking Media • Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by cable or wireless means).

  10. Introduction to Computer Networks Networking Devices • HUB, Switches, Routers, Wireless Access Points, Modems etc.

  11. Introduction to Computer Networks Computers: Clients and Servers • In a client/server network arrangement, network services are located in a dedicated computer whose only function is to respond to the requests of clients. • The server contains the file, print, application, security, and other services in a central computer that is continuously available to respondto client requests.

  12. Introduction to Computer Networks Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

  13. Introduction to Computer Networks Applications • E-mail • Searchable Data (Web Sites) • E-Commerce • News Groups • Internet Telephony (VoIP) • Video Conferencing • Chat Groups • Instant Messengers • Internet Radio

  14. QUESTIONS?

  15. Physical Media PHYSICAL MEDIA

  16. Physical Media Physical Media

  17. Physical Media Physical Media • Copper • Coaxial Cable - Thick or Thin • Unshielded Twisted Pair - CAT 3,4,5,5e&6 • Optical Fiber • Multimode • Singlemode • Wireless • Short Range • Medium Range (Line of Sight) • Satellite

  18. Physical Media Copper Media: Coaxial Cable • Coaxial cable is a copper-cored cable surrounded by a heavy shielding and is used to connect computers in a network. • Outer conductor shields the inner conductor from picking up stray signal from the air. • High bandwidth but lossy channel. • Repeater is used to regenerate the weakened signals.

  19. Physical Media Copper Media: Twisted Pair • Twisted-pair is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most modern Ethernet networks. • A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent pairs. • There are two basic types, shielded twisted-pair (STP) and unshielded twisted-pair (UTP).

  20. Physical Media Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

  21. Physical Media Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) • Consists of 4 pairs (8 wires) of insulated copper wires typically about 1 mm thick. • The wires are twisted together in a helical form. • Twisting reduces the interference between pairs of wires. • High bandwidth and High attenuation channel. • Flexible and cheap cable. • Category rating based on number of twists per inch and the material used • CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5, Enhanced CAT 5, CAT 6 and now CAT 6+.

  22. QUESTIONS?

  23. Physical Media Fiber Media • Optical fibers use light to send information through the optical medium. • It uses the principal of total internal reflection. • Modulated light transmissions are used to transmit the signal.

  24. Physical Media Total Internal Reflection

  25. Physical Media Fiber Media • Light travels through the optical media by the way of total internal reflection. • Modulation scheme used is intensity modulation. • Two types of Fiber media : • Multimode • Singlemode • Multimode Fiber can support less bandwidth than Singlemode Fiber. • Singlemode Fiber has a very small core and carry only one beam of light. It can support Gbps data rates over > 100 Km without using repeaters.

  26. Physical Media Single and Multimode Fiber • Single-mode fiber • Carries light pulses along single path • Uses Laser Light Source • Multimode fiber • Many pulses of light generated by LED travel at different angles

  27. Physical Media Fiber-Optic Cable • Contains one or several glass fibers at its core • Surrounding the fibers is a layer called cladding

  28. Physical Media Fiber Optic Cable • FO Cable may have 1 to over 1000 fibers

  29. QUESTIONS?

  30. Physical Media Wireless Media • Very useful in difficult terrain where cable laying is not possible. • Provides mobility to communication nodes. • Right of way and cable laying costs can be reduced. • Susceptible to rain, atmospheric variations and Objects in transmission path.

  31. Physical Media Wireless Media • Indoor : 10 – 50m : BlueTooth, WLAN • Short range Outdoor : 50 – 200m: WLAN • Mid Range Outdoor : 200m – 5 Km : GSM, CDMA, WLAN Point-to-Point, Wi-Max • Long Range Outdoor : 5 Km – 100 Km : Microwave Point-to-Point • Long Distance Communication : Across Continents : Satellite Communication

  32. Physical Media Wireless LAN PC Access Point Internet Router Switch PC Access Point

  33. Physical Media Terrestrial Microwave • Microwaves do not follow the curvature of earth • Line-of-Sight transmission • Height allows the signal to travel farther • Two frequencies for two way communication • Repeater is used to increase the distance Hop-by-Hop

  34. Physical Media Satellite Communication

  35. QUESTIONS?

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