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Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Anatomy of the Respiratory System. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 23. Functions. Major functions Air distributor All parts except alveoli Gas exchanger Alveoli. Other functions Filters, warms & humidifies the air Influence sound production Makes sense of smell possible

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Anatomy of the Respiratory System

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  1. Anatomy of the Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 23

  2. Functions • Major functions • Air distributor • All parts except alveoli • Gas exchanger • Alveoli • Other functions • Filters, warms & humidifies the air • Influence sound production • Makes sense of smell possible • Regulation of pH in body

  3. Divisions • Upper respiratory tract: those organs outside of thorax • Nose • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Larynx • Lower respiratory tract: those organs located almost entirely within thorax • Bronchial tree • Lungs

  4. Nose • Ala: flaring cartilaginous expansion on each side of nostril • Nasal cavity separated by the septum into left & right cavities • Each nasal cavity divided into three passageways (superior, middle, inferior meati) by projection of turbinates

  5. Nose….. • Anterior nares: external openings of nose • Vestibule: area just inside the nasal cavity which contains vibrissae (hairs), glands • Posterior nares: openings that allow air to pass from nasal cavity to pharynx • Anterior naresvestibuleinferior, middle, superior meatiposterior nares

  6. Nasal mucosa • Respiratory mucosa lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Has rich blood supply esp. over inferior turbinate

  7. Paranasal sinuses • Air containing spaces that open into nasal cavity • 4 pairs • Frontal • Maxillary • Ethmoid • Sphenoid

  8. Functions of Nose • Air passageway • Warms, moistens, filters air • Sinuses act to provide resonance for voice

  9. Pharynx • Extends from base of skull to esophagus • Made of muscle & lined with mucous membrane • 3 divisions • Nasopharynx: from posterior nares to soft palate • Oropharynx: from soft palate to hyoid bone • Laryngopharynx: from hyoid bone to esophagus

  10. Functions of the Pharynx • Common passageway for respiratory & digestive tracts • Affects speech

  11. Larynx • Voice box • Lies between root of tongue & upper end of trachea

  12. Structure of larynx • Triangular shaped, primarily of cartilage • Mucous membrane lining the larynx forms 2 pairs of folds • Vestibular (false) vocal folds: upper pair • True vocal cords • Rima glottidis: opening between true vocal cords; narrowest part of larynx • Glottis: true vocal cords & rimaglottidis

  13. Cartilages of Larynx • Nine cartilages • Three largest: thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid are single structures, other 3 are paired • Thyroid: Adam’s apple, largest • Epiglottis: leaf shaped, moves up & down during swallowing to prevent food from entering trachea • Aretynoid: point of attachment for vocal cords

  14. Muscles of larynx • Intrinsic muscles: have both origin & insertion on larynx • Important in controlling vocal cord length & in regulating shape of laryngeal inlet • Extrinsic muscles: insert on larynx but have their origin on other structures • Moves or displaces larynx as a whole

  15. Functions of larynx • Air passageway • Filters, warms, humidifies air • Protects airway against entrance of solid or liquids • Voice production

  16. Lower Respiratory Tract

  17. Trachea • Windpipe • Extends from larynx to bronchi • About 1” (2.5 cm) in diameter • Made of C shaped rings of cartilage, incomplete on posterior surface

  18. Function of Trachea • Air passageway

  19. Structure of bronchi • Trachea divides at lower end into two primarybronchi • Rt bronchus slightly large & more vertical than left • Made of C shaped cartilage rings that become complete within lungs • Primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi which ultimately divide into small bronchioles then finally into alveolar ducts

  20. Structure of bronchi • Cartilaginous rings become irregular in secondary/tertiary bronchi • Cartilaginous rings disappear in bronchioles • Alveolar ducts are single layer of simple squamous epithelium

  21. Structure of alveoli • Resembles cluster of grapes with alveolar duct as stem and alveoli the grapes • Respiratory membrane: barrier across which gas is exchanged • Surfactant: fluid inside each alveoli, prevents alveoli form collapsing as air moves in and out

  22. Structure of the lungs • Cone shaped • Extend from diaphragm to slightly above the clavicles & lie against ribs • Medial surface of lungs are concave but more concave on left because of heart • Bronchi and pulmonary vessels enter each lung through a slit on medial surface called the hilus

  23. Surfaces of lungs • Base: inferior surface that rests on diaphragm • Apex: pointed upper margin • Costal surface: lies against ribs

  24. Lobes of lungs • Left lung: 2 lobes & 2 secondary bronchi • Superior and inferior • Right lung: 3 lobes & 3 secondary bronchi • Superior, middle, inferior • Oblique fissure present in both lungs • Horizontal fissure: only in right lung, separates superior from middle

  25. Functions of the lungs • Air distribution • Gas exchange

  26. Structure of the thoracic cavity • Parietal pleura: lines the entire thoracic cavity • Visceral pleura: covers the outer surfaces of the lungs • Pleural space: area between parietal & visceral pleura, contains small amount of pleural fluid for lubrication

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