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History and Cultures of Africa South of the Sahara

Explore the rich history, government, and diverse cultures of Africa south of the Sahara, from early civilizations to independence and beyond. Learn about significant empires, the salt trade, challenges faced after independence, apartheid, and more.

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History and Cultures of Africa South of the Sahara

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  1. Chapter 8 History and Cultures of Africa South of the Sahara

  2. #4 Chapter 8 Section 1History and GovernmentTextbook p. 224 - 231 Part 1: Key terms: • hunter-gatherers – people who move from place to place to obtain food. • plantations – large farms

  3. Key terms continued… 3. nationalism – feelings of affection and loyalty towards one’s country 4. discrimination – unfair or unequal treatment of a group 5. refugees – people who flee to another country to escape danger or disaster

  4. Part 2: Early African History (p. 225) • African peoples built successful societies in the region beginning in ancient times.

  5. Migration 1. Hunter-gatherers moved from place to place to hunt and gather food. 2. Over time, people herded livestock and farmed. 3. As northern Africa’s climate became drier and hotter (Sahara Desert), many people migrated south to more fertile areas.

  6. Part 3: East and Southern Africa(p.225 – 226) • Kush 1. Developed along the Nile River 2. ___________________________ B. Axum 1. Prospered (did well $) from trade 2. ____________________________ C. Great Zimbabwe 1. Supplied gold, silver, and ivory

  7. PAGE 226 • Which empire extended to the Atlantic Ocean? • What major natural landform did traders have to cross to reach these empires from North Africa?

  8. Part 4: West Africa’s Trading Empires(p. 226) Ghana Mali Songhai Became wealthy by taxing the trade of salt, gold, cloth, and ivory Replaced Ghana and became wealthy by controlling the gold and salt trade Took over Mali – in 1600 invaders from North Africa defeated them

  9. Part 5: European Contact (p. 227-228) 1880s 800s 1500s - 1800s 1914

  10. Part 6: Independence (p. 228 – 231) • In the late 1900s, African countries won independence, but the new nations faced many challenges. • As the 1900s began, feelings of nationalism arose among European-educated Africans.

  11. PAGE 230 • Which African countries became independent after 1979? • Which European countries had the most colonies in Africa?

  12. Early 1950s • Kwame Nkrumah led a nationalist movement in Britain’s colony of the Gold Coast in West Africa • In 1957 that country, now renamed Ghana, became independent • By the end of the 1960s • Most African territories had thrown off European rule

  13. Part 7: After Independence (p. 229) • Challenges: • Ethnic and religious groups within countries did not get along •  civil wars • Many people died • Many became refugees • In some cases, the United Nations sent peacekeeping troops

  14. Part 8: South Africa and Apartheid (p. 229 – 231) • White South Africans strengthened their rule through apartheid. • Apartheid, or “apartness,”: laws that separated ethnic groups and limited the rights of black South Africans.

  15. Black South Africans protested the apartheid laws • Nelson Mandela was jailed • The United Nations condemned apartheid • Many countries cut off trade with South Africa

  16. Because of this pressure… • apartheid ended in the early 1990s • Nelson Mandela was released from prison • In 1994, South Africa held its first democratic election in which people of different races were allowed to vote • South Africans elected Nelson Mandela as their nation’s first black president

  17. FLASH CARDS • BLUE on front • RED on back

  18. hunter-gatherer  person who moves from place to place to hunt and gather food

  19. plantation large farm

  20. nationalism feelings of affection and loyalty towards one’s country

  21. discrimination  unfair treatment of members of a particular group

  22. refugee  person who flees to another country to escape persecution or disaster

  23. apartheid  system of laws in South Africa aimed at separating the races

  24. #6 Africa’s Salt TradeTextbook p. 232 • What is the title of the article? • Describe what you see in the photo. • What does the map show? • Why do you think the authors of the textbook placed a photo and a map on the page with this article? • Based on paragraph 1, why do our bodies need salt?

  25. Africa’s Salt TradeTextbook p. 232 6. Based on paragraph 2, what was traded for salt? 7. Based on paragraph 3, how did ancient empires become wealthy from the salt trade? 8. Based on paragraph 4 what else happened as a result of the salt trade? 9. CULTURAL DIFFUSION– THE SPREAD OF IDEAS, LANGUAGE, RELIGION, AND INVENTIONS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER

  26. Take out #2 Map of Africa

  27. #7 Chapter 8 Section 2 NotesCultures and LifestylesTextbook pages 233 - 240 Key Terms: • malnutrition – poor health due to not eating the right foods or enough food • sanitation – removal of waste products • life expectancy – average number of years a group of people can expect to live

  28. 4. social status – position in the community 5. rites of passages – special ceremonies that mark particular stages of life 6. griots – storytellers that preserve a group’s history 7. compound – a group of houses surrounded by walls

  29. 8. extended families – several generations, including grandparents, parents, and children 9. nuclear family – includes parents and children 10. clan – a large group of people who are united by a common ancestor in the far past 11. lineage – large family group with close blood ties

  30. Part 1: A Growing Population(p. 234 – 235) BETTER SANITATION REASONS FOR POPULATION GROWTH BETTER MEDICAL CARE

  31. POOR LIVING CONDITIONS POPULATION GROWTH DIFFICULT TO FIND SHELTER, WATER, AND ELECTRICITY

  32. Part 2: Where African’s Live(p. 235) Urbanization – the movement of people from rural areas to cities • They are moving to cities to find… • better jobs • better health care • - better education • Problems… • - traffic jams • overcrowding • pollution • poor sanitation

  33. Part 3: Health Care(p. 235 – 236) More hospitals have opened health care

  34. 2,000 – 3,000 different languages are spoken About 12 languages have 1,000,000 or more speakers East Africa: 50,000,000 speak Swahili West Africa: 20,000,000 speak Hausa and Yoruba English, French, and Arabic are also widely popular Part 4: Languages

  35. Part 5: Religions • Islam • Christianity • Traditional African Religions • Some conflicts have arisen between these different groups.

  36. Part 6: The Arts • Masks are made of wood, ivory and bronze • Music and dance • The roles people have often reflect their social standing • Rites of Passage – special ceremonies to mark particular stages of life…. Reaching adulthood • Griots – storytellers that pass down history from generation to generation

  37. malnutrition  condition that results from people not getting enough nutrients because of not eating enough food or not eating a variety of foods

  38. sanitation  removal of waste products

  39. life expectancy  number of years an average person is expected to live

  40. social status  person’s position in the community

  41. rite of passage special ceremony that marks a particular stage in life, such as when young boys or girls reach adulthood

  42. Griot storyteller from West Africa who relates oral traditions of the people

  43. compound  group of houses surrounded by walls; a pattern of rural housing typical in parts of Africa south of the Sahara

  44. extended family household made up of several generations, including grandparents, parents, and children

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