1 / 48

Essay Questions:

Essay Questions:. Identify and describe the events of the Late Middle Ages that contributed to the decline in feudalism and the power of the papacy and ultimately gave rise to the development of strong dynastic states such as England and France in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

ludlow
Download Presentation

Essay Questions:

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Essay Questions: • Identify and describe the events of the Late Middle Ages that contributed to the decline in feudalism and the power of the papacy and ultimately gave rise to the development of strong dynastic states such as England and France in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. • Analyze the various ways in which the Protestant Reformation represented a turning point in European history. • Contrast the development of an absolute monarchy in France with the growth of constitutionalism in England between 1600 and 1715.

  2. Constitutionalism and Absolutism 1600-1715

  3. Absolutism and Constitutionalism • Social Pressures in the seventeenth century • the peasantry and the nobility • rise of the middle class (merchants and professionals) • Economic Stress • cold weather=poor harvests=disease and malnutrition • decrease in population • costs of warfare, discontent, and tax revolts • Political systems emerging in Europe • Constitutionalism and Absolutism • Constitutionalism involved limiting government to enhance the liberty of individuals; legitimacy was based on consent of the governed • The legitimacy of absolute monarchs rested on the notion of divine right or traditional assumption of power • The nobles and the middle class (bourgeoisie) provided opposition to the growth of state power; in constitutionalist states they often obtained control of the state. In absolutist states they became servants of the state.

  4. The Development of Constitutionalism in England • The expansion of the middle-class and new gentry • Capitalism- an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the meansofproduction, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintainedchieflybyprivate individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. • Growth in the power of the House of Commons • Religion in the seventeenth century • Catholics, Anglicans, and Calvinists (Puritans)

  5. Tudor Dynasty Henry VIII Elizabeth I Mary I Edward VI

  6. Stuart Dynasty James I Charles I Charles II James II

  7. English Civil War (1642-1648) Major issues prior to the English Civil War: • Could the king govern without the consent of Parliament or go against the wishes of Parliament? • Calvinists/Puritans wanted to change the hierarchical structure of the Church.

  8. The Stuart Dynasty (in England) James I (r.1603-1625) • James VI of Scotland • son of Mary, Queen of Scots • inherited/increased massive debt • conflict with Parliament? • believed in the divine right of kings • True Law of Free Monarchies (1598) • conflict with Puritans? • “No bishop, no King”

  9. Charles I (r.1625-1649) • divine right monarch • Charles needed $ for war, tax issues, and problems with Parliament • Petition of Right (1628) • Dissolution of Parliament (1629) • 1629-1640, Parliament inactive for 11 years • Charles’ revenue? • Charles still needed $ • Short Parliament (1640) • War with Scotland, King needed $ • Petition of Right…Charles dissolved Parliament • Long Parliament (1640-1648) • Scotland invaded northern England • Charles needed $... conceded to Parliament’s demands Parliament’s Demands:

  10. English Civil War (1642-1648) • Charles attempted to arrest the heads of Parliament. Why? • Cavaliers (Royalists) v. Roundheads (Parliamentarians) • Oliver Cromwell, New Model Army, Rump Parliament, King’s execution Charles I on Trail cavalier

  11. Charles I’s Death Warrant

  12. The Execution of Charles I

  13. The Interregnum (1649-1660) • The Commonwealth (1649-1653) • The Protectorate (1653-1659) • Cromwell’s military campaigns • Puritan moral standards Oliver Cromwell Puritan Soldier

  14. The Restoration (1660) • Charles II (r.1660-1685) • King’s power NOT absolute • Development of political parties • Whigs and Tories • Clarendon Code (1661-1665) • Royal Declaration of Indulgence (1672) • Test Act of 1673 • Habeas Corpus Act (1679) King Charles II

  15. The Glorious Revolution (1688) • James II (r. 1685-1688) • Catholic Intentions • Parliament’s drive to revolution: • Declaration of Indulgences (1687) • birth of a Catholic heir to the king • James forced to abdicate • William and Mary of Orange • English Bill of Rights (1689) • provisions… • Toleration Act of 1689 • Act of Settlement (1701) • Act of Union (1707) James II

  16. The nature of the English government in the early 1700s? Robert Walpole

  17. Euro Essay: Contrast the development of an absolute monarchy in France with the growth of constitutionalism in England between 1600 and 1715.

  18. The United Provinces of the Netherlands(The Dutch Republic) • dominated world trade in the early 1600s • government controlled by wealthy and powerful merchants = limited authority of the state • stadtholder • Why were the Dutch wealthy? • imported cheap grain and produced profitable agricultural items • fishing • manufacturing • mercantile activities (trade)* • Dutch East and West India Companies • Religion in the Dutch Republic? • Calvinist but tolerant of other religions • consequences for trade?

  19. Traditionally, how was the power of the monarchs checked in Europe? Estates-General (France) Parliament (England) These were assemblies of nobles, clergy, and wealthy townspeople the king summoned when he wanted to raise taxes. How could these assemblies limit the power of the monarchs?

  20. Absolutism in Europe

  21. What is absolutism? absolutism- a form of government with unlimited power held by one individual or group (such as a monarch and his advisors). The monarch makes all final decisions in regard to matters of state. What gave absolute monarchs their power and legitimacy to rule? God divine right of kings- the belief that a ruler derived complete authority to govern directly from God and was responsible to God alone for his or her actions

  22. Characteristics of Absolutism • Sovereignty of a state is embodied in the monarch • Absolutes monarchs are not subordinate to national assemblies • a state’s bureaucracy is staffed with men who owe their position to the king • Absolute rulers control the religion/churches in their state • Acquisition of large standing armies loyal to the monarch

  23. The Philosophy behind Absolutism: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Leviathan Jean Bodin, sixteenth-century French political philosopher, Six Books of the Commonwealth Basics of absolutism: 1. There is only one sovereign in any state 2. The power of the sovereign may not be actively resisted 3. If a sovereign violates God’s commandments, then the subject passively resists but must accept the sovereign’s punishment “the king being God’s agent on earth and patriarch over all of his subjects and territories. His sovereignty is indivisible. The king, the head of the dynasty, passes this authority on to his eldest son.”

  24. Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704), French political theorist and advocate of the divine right of kings. • Louis XIV’s childhood tutor • promoted the notion of divine right • the king, he argued, answers only to God “ By me kings reign, and princes decree justice. By me princes rule, and nobles, even all the judges on earth.” Proverbs 8:15-16 “ Let every soul be subject unto higher powers. For there is no power but of God; the powers that are ordained of God. Whoever resists that power resists the ordinance of God, and they will suffer damnation.” Romans 13:1-2 patriarchalism- kings hold power over their subjects as fathers hold power over their children How did King Louis XIV see himself in relation to France?

  25. The Rise of Absolutism in France King Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)

  26. French Society under the Ancien Régime First Estate- Clergy (1%) Second Estate- Nobles (2%) Third Estate- Commoners (97%) Peasants Artisans Bourgeoisie Who paid taxes?

  27. The Three Estates in France

  28. Why did absolutism succeed in France? Religious warfare and the decline in the power of the nobility The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) conflict between the French nobility Valois dynasty (1328-1589) Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 The War of the Three Henrys (1587-1589) and the end of the Valois dynasty Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Huguenot) Henry Duguise (Catholic) Henry III Valois (Catholic)

  29. Religion in France- 16th century

  30. Religion of the Nobility in France- 16th century

  31. Henry IV of France (r.1589-1610) • est. the foundation for French dominance in the seventeenth century • Bourbon Dynasty • French Wars of Religion • Conversion from Calvinism (Huguenot) to Catholic • Weakening of the nobility • “nobility or the sword” and “nobility of the robe” • Financial Reforms (Duke of Sully) • mercantilism • restored the royal treasury • repaired roads and bridges • supported trade and industry • Henry’s reforms were instituted without approval from the Estates-General. • Henry IV assassinated in 1610 • a power struggle emerged in France Henry IV of France

  32. Louis XIII (r.1610-1643) • Louis succeeded his father at nine years old • Marie de Medici (regent) • Called the Estates-General in 1614 • Louis XIII as king • Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) • Est. the foundation for absolutism in France • intendants • weakened the French nobility • “nobility of the robe” • Continued development of mercantilism • Enlarged and strengthened the French military (increased taxes) • Flawed tax policies? • Peace of Alais (1629) • Huguenots lost some of the privileges given to them under Henry IV (political and military) • Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Goal: Reduce Habsburg power • Dealing with the Estates-General and the parlements • lit de justice Louis XIII of France

  33. Louis XIV of France The Sun King

  34. King Louis XIV (r.1643-1715) • Louis XIV became king at five years old • The Fronde (1640s) • Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) • the discontent of the nobility was directed at the regent • weakness of the nobility • consequences for King Louis and the future of the French nobility? • “Sun King” • epitomized absolute rule in Europe • “L’ état, c’est moi” (“I am the state”) • divine right of kings • France became the dominant power in Europe during his rule • France was the most populous state in Europe • France endured as the center of literature and the arts until the 20th century • French became the international language

  35. Versailles • The Palace of Versailles, under Louis XIV, became the grandest and most impressive palace in all of Europe • originally a hunting lodge • Baroque architecture • royal court held there (grew from 600 people to 10,000) • maintenance costs = about 60% of all royal income • residence for potentially troublesome nobles

  36. Political organization under Louis XIV • chief ministers chosen from the middle class • extension of Richelieu’s system of intendants • checked the power of potentially resistant French institutions • parlements • Estates-General • oppressive control over the peasantry

  37. Religious policies under Louis XIV • Louis XIV considered himself head of the French Catholic Church • Edict of Fountainbleau (1685) • Revoked the Edict of Nantes • Consequences for French Protestants (Huguenots) • Persecution of the Jansenists • LouisXIV’s military? • king as master-at-arms • standing army

  38. Economic policies under Louis XIV • mercantilism, favorable balance of trade, bullionism • Jean Baptiste Colbert (1661-1683) • Goal: Economic self-sufficiency for France • development of a strong infrastructure • government-supported monopolies • reduced internal tariffs • organized French trading companies • est. the French merchant marine fleet • Obstacles to continued economic success • overtaxed peasantry • emphasis on army rather than navy • extensive and costly warfare

  39. Foreign Policy/Warfare under King Louis XIV • Louis’ wars were initially successful, but the expenses of waging war contributed greatly to France’s ultimate economic ruin • France maintained a professional standing army • Balance of Power • First Dutch War (War of Devolution) (1667-1668) • France invaded the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) • Second Dutch War (1672-1678) • revenge for opposition in the previous war • Treaty of Nijmwegen • War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) • response to another French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands • HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Dutch Republic • Prevented France’s expansion into the Germanies • demonstrated the emergence of balance of power • William of Orange initiated a new era of French and English rivalry that lasted until 1815

  40. The War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) • Cause: The Habsburg king Charles II of Spain (r.1665-1700) willed the Spanish lands to Philip of Anjou, the grandson of King Louis XIV • Fear: consolidation of Spain and France • Grand Alliance • Battle of Blenheim (1704) • Turning point in the conflict • Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • maintained balance of power • the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) given to Austria • a buffer territory created between France and the Netherlands • prohibited the unification of Spain and France • Frederick I recognized as king of Prussia • Costs to Louis XIV and France • economic destruction, death, and debt

  41. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe • Military Absolutism in Prussia • Frederick William “The Great Elector” (r.1640-1688) • Est. the foundation for future German unification • Calvinist, but tolerant to Catholics and Jews • Built a strong standing army* • Junkersand serfs • Frederick I (r.1688-1713) • promoted the arts and sciences • est. a palace in Berlin • Prussia at war throughout most of his rule (perpetuating the military tradition begun under Frederick William) The Great Elector Frederick I

  42. The Germanies in the 18th century

  43. Frederick William I (r.1713-1740) • doubled the size of the Prussian military • 80% royal revenues spent on military • left Prussia with a surplus in the treasury • Purpose of a large standing army? • Frederick II “The Great” (r.1740-1786)

  44. One more absolute ruler in Europe! • Peter the Great of Russia (r.1682-1725) • Russia’s “Time of Troubles” • Romanov dynasty (1613-) • boyars, streltsy • Westernization of Russia • Compare Peter the Great with Louis XIV • new capital city at St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea • Table of Ranks • Prepare for Mid-Term Exam

More Related