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The Post-2015 Development Agenda and Global Public Goods By Inge Kaul*

The Post-2015 Development Agenda and Global Public Goods By Inge Kaul*. First International Symposium on Development Policies in a Global World 29 and 30 October 2013 Madrid, Spain * Contact : contact@ingekaul.net. Structure of the Presentation. Defining the key concepts

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The Post-2015 Development Agenda and Global Public Goods By Inge Kaul*

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  1. The Post-2015 Development Agenda and Global Public GoodsBy Inge Kaul* First International Symposium on Development Policies in a Global World 29 and 30 October 2013 Madrid, Spain * Contact: contact@ingekaul.net

  2. StructureofthePresentation • Definingthekeyconcepts • Linking developmentand global publicgoods in the Post-2015 Agenda • Filling in the ‚missingmiddlepart‘ of the Agenda Conclusion: Whywemayneed a ‚Monterrey Plus‘

  3. „Recognizingtheintrinsicinterlinkagebetweenpovertyeradicationandthepromotionofsustainabledevelopment, weunderlinetheneedfor a coherentapproachthatintegrates in a balancedmannerthethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment.“ „This involvesworkingtowards a singleframeworkandsetofgoals, universal in natureandapplicableto all countries, whiletakingaccountofdiffering national circumstancesandrespecting national policiesandpriorities.“ Source: Paragraph 19 ofthedraft UNGA resolution A/68/L.4 of 1 October 2013, entitled „Outcomedocumentofthespecialeventtofollowupeffortsmadetowardsachievingthe MDGs“

  4. 1 Definingthekeyconcepts(slide 1 of 5) Forthepurposes of thispresentation, itisusefultoclarifythefollowingfiveconcepts: development, developmentcooperation, global publicgoods (GPGs), GPG provisioning, and international cooperation. • Development – isdefinedhereastheprocessthroughwhich countries move in order toestablishtherequisite national capacitythatempowersthemto manage theirown, national affairs in an effectivemanner. In today‘s interdependent worldthismayentailcreating national capacityfor international cooperation on transnational,regionaland global policychallenges. • Development cooperation – referstothepart of international cooperation (IC) thatisgearedtowardsassisting countries in their national developmentendeavors, notably in establishing a basic national developmentfloorforfurthergrowthanddevelopment.

  5. 1 Definingthekeyconcepts(slide2 of 5) • Public goods – arethings (conditions, productsorservices) whosebenefitsand/orcostsarenonrival, non-excludableorboth; • Global publicgoods (GPGs) – arepublicgoodswhosebenefits, costsorbothare transnational, i.e. cuttingacross national and regional boundaries. Examplesareclimatechangemitigation, global financialstability, communicablediseasecontrol, efficient global knowledgemanagement, peaceandsecurity.

  6. 1 Definingthekeyconcepts(slide 3 of 5) • Policy-relevant aspects of theprovisioning of (G)PGs: • Publicnessis, in mostcases, a policychoice– meaningthat (G)PGs canbetaken out orplaced/left in thepublicdomainasthingsavailablefor all. • National/regional preferencesvary -- The choiceaspect of publicnessisimportant, because in a world of vastdisparitiesanddifferences such asours, preferencesforpublicgoods of vary. • Publicness in consumptionoughttobematchedwithpublicness in decision-making – Givenvaryingpolicypriorities,reaching global agreements on GPG provisioning will requiredeliberate ‚incentivestructuring‘, notablyparticipatorydecision-making on which GPGs toaddress, howmuch of eachtoprovide, howtoprovidethegoods, and at whatcostsandbenefitstowhom. • Fair negotiationsand firm agreementsarecritical, becausemany GPGs entailpublicness in provisioning –thismeans, theiradequateprovisioningrequirescorrectivestepsbystateandnonstateactors in all countries, complementedbyvariouscollective, multilateral actions at regional and/orworldwide. • Publicnesstemptsactorsintofree-riding, whichmayhavetobe countered by firm commitments, well-definedtarget-settingand mutual accountabilityproceduresand, especially, bygettingtheincentivestocooperateright – byfairness. Formoredetails on thedefinition of publicgoodsand GPGs, see also ANNEX I.

  7. 1 Definingthekeyconcepts(4 of 5) • International cooperation (IC) –referstothepolitical, as well as operational, side of bothcooperation in support of GPG provisioningand in support of development. These twomainstrands of IC differfromeachother in importantaspects, asshownbelow, but are also closelyintertwined, asargued in thenextslide.

  8. 1Definingthekeyconcepts(slide5 of 5) • Underconditionsofeconomicopenness, developmentcannotsucceedwithout an adequateprovisioningof GPGs; and GPG provisioningcannotsucceedwithoutdevelopment. Toillustrate: • climatechangecould – throughstormsandfloods – underminepastdevelopment, renderingstates vulnerable andpushingpeople back underthepovertyline; • over-protectionof clean energytechnologiescouldimpedeprogress in termsofeducation, health, investmentandgrowth, aswellasclimatechangemitigationandadaptation; • lacking TRIPS flexibilityor not utilizingfullyexistingflexibilitiescouldimpede global health; • volatility in financialandcommoditymarketscouldthreatendevelopment, includinghungerandpovertyreduction. • Similarly, international cooperationwithfailedandfailingstatesorwithstatesseekingtorecoverfromnaturaldiasasterscouldimpedetheprovisioningof GPGs like global healthorpeaceandsecurityandgeneratecross-borderspilloverslike international refugeestreams.

  9. Toconclude Point 1 The mainconclusionemergingfromtheforegoingdiscussionis: International developmentcooperationthataimsatpromotingsustainabledevelopment in economic, environmental andsocialterms – aspostulated in theaforementionedoutcomedocumentofthe UNGA debatesof 25/9/2013 – would, underthecurrentpolicymakingrealities, needtopursuea two-prongedstrategy: • First, itoughttoaimatassistingdeveloping countries in takingthedomesticmeasures, whicharerequired in ordertocreatea resilientand durable national developmentfloor; and • Second, itoughttoaimat‚development-proofing‘ GPG provisioning, i.e. promote an adequate, fair anddevelopment-compatibleprovisioningofGPGs – lest the ‚GPG hand‘ takeswhatthe ‚foreign-aidhand‘ triestogive.

  10. 2 Linking developmentcooperationand GPG provisioning in the Post-2015 Agenda (1 of 2) Assumingthatthe international communityweretoagree on thedefinition of developmentanddevelopmentcooperationproposedbefore, notablytheconceptualization of developmentcooperationas a two-prongedstrategy, whatimplicationswouldthathavefor ist design? Clearly, the Agenda wouldneedtoaddressbothprongs of developmentcooperation: 1 Development cooperation in support of thedomesticpublicpolicymeasuresrequiredforestablsihingthebasicdevelopmentfloor; and 2 Development cooperationaimed at developmentproofing GPG provisioning In respectto 1, thedomesticdevelopmentmeasures,the Agenda couldestablishgoalsandtargetsformeetingexisting ODA commitmentsandhowtoallocatethemto different groups of countries. Itcould also mentiongraduationpointsandurge countries tostrivetowardmeetinggoals such asthe MDGs. But, giventhetopic of thispresentation, let‘sfocus on Prong 2.

  11. 2 Linking developmentcooperationand GPG provisioning in the Post-2015 Agenda (2 of 2) In respecttothe 2nd prong of developmentcooperation, i.e. thedevelopment-proofing of GPGs, the Agenda could, amongotherthings, stipulatethefollowing: • Toensurethat all development-relevant GPGs are on the international agenda, including x, y, z and ……..(e.g. energy, foodandwatersecurity); • Toreviewthecurrentprovisionstatusandshape of thekey GPGs fromtheviewpoint of howtheycouldbemademoredevelopment-compatible. Forexample, whatcouldbedonetofoster a fastertransferanddeployment of clean energyandhealthtechnologies? • Toreconfirmexistingagreements on compensating countries fortheadaptationmeasurestheymayneedtoput in place due totheoveruse of certain GPGs (e.g. theatmosphere). Shouldthis also entailcreating global facilitiesfornatural-disasterriskfinancing? • Toaddproposalsforanyfurthercompensatoryarrangements • Toaim at a bettermanagementby all countries, withcapacityto do so, of cross-borderexternalitiesresultingfromtheir national policies

  12. 3 Focusing on the ,missingmiddlepart‘(1 of 2) Whythephrase ‚themissingmiddlepart‘? The reasonisthat, at present, themainfocus in thepreparatorydebatesis on twoissues: • The final goalstobeachieved (e.g. toreducepovertyand hunger); and • The indicators of success, i.e. of achievingthestatedgoals. Verylittle, ifanythingisusuallybeingsaidabouttheinputsthatwouldberequired in order torealizethegoals: theconcretecooperationcommitments – Who istoinputwhatbywhen? Yet, asespeciallythediscussion on linkinghasshown, manyconcretereformstepswouldneedtobetaken – bydevelopedanddeveloping countries. Itwouldbeusefultosetclearimplementationtargetsforthose. Moreover, approachingdevelopment on a goal-by-goalbasismaybeinefficient. More effectivecouldbetoidentify a number of keyentrypointsandtofocus on achievingthem on a prioritybasis. An example of such a keyentrypointis ‚energysecurityfor all‘. Itsattainmentcouldhelpachieveseveral final goals.

  13. 3 Focusing on the ,missingmiddlepart‘(2 of 2) Accordingly, the Agenda could: • State as ist maingoalsdevelopmentcooperationdeliverables, indicatingwhoshouldbywhendeliverwhichinputs, • Request that all concernedpartiesreport on theprogresstheymade/aremaking in meetingtheircommitments • Indicatethedevelopmentimprovementstobeachievedbytheseinputs in different issueareasandsuggestthattheemergence of the ‚ripple effects‘ also be monitored. • Proposethat a high-levelindependentbodybeentrustedwiththereview of themonitoringreports. Thisbodycouldfunctionas Trustees of InclusiveandSustainable Global Growth and Development, assessingdevelopmentprogress, andhenceprogress in theimplementation of the Post-2015 Agenda, as well asprogress in fostering an adequateoverllprovisioning of GPGs.

  14. Conclusion: Do weneed a Monterrey Plus? But whyistheAgenda‘s ‚middlepart‘ missingnow? Manyfactorscomeintoplay, amongthem: • The sovereignty paradox‘: States areholding on to a conventionalnotion of sovereigntythatmakesthemshyawayfrom international cooperationeven in GPG-type areas in whichpolicyinterdependenceexists. • Power shifts: amongstatesandbetweenstateandnonstateactors • Ressource constraints • New policychallengesrequiringnewinstitutionalresponses • Financial innovationthathas not yetenteredthemainstream of policymaking • Outdatedandlackingconcepts

  15. Conclusion: Do weneed a Monterrey Plus? (2 of 2) So in order tofacilitatethe Agenda process in devisingitsnow still missingmiddlepart, itappearsdesirabletoconvene a Monterrey Plus conferenceassoonaspossible. The purpose of thisconferencecouldbetoformulate a holistic, integratedvision of theressourcing of international cooperation, includingdevelopmentcooperationandcooperation in support of GPG provisioning. Public financingwouldbe just oneaspect of theressourcing of international cooperation. Other aspectswouldbemeasuresthatcould, forexample, helpreducethecosts of IC (e.g. enhanced TRIPs flexibilityandnatural-disasterinsurance ) orhelpleverage private finance.

  16. References References: • This presentationdraws on: • Kaul, I. et al., eds. 2003. Providing Global Public Goods; Managing Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press. • Kaul, I. 2013.a. Meeting Global Challenges: AssessingGovernanceReadiness. In Hertie School ofGovernance. Governance Report 2013. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 33-58. • ____. 2013.b. Global Public Goods: A conceptforframingthe Post-2015 Agenda? DIE Discussion Paper 2/2013. Bonn: German Development Institute.

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