برخي از اصول يادگيري:

1. برخي از اصول يادگيري: • اصولاً در اختيار يادگيرنده است • فردي و منحصر به فرد است • تحت تاثيرحالت عمومي يادگيرنده است • همكاري و همگامي است • يك فرآيند تكاملي است • منتج از تجربه است • به صورت مستقيم قابل مشاهده نمي باشد • يادگيري يك عمل فردي است • انگيزه كليد اصلي يادگيري است • تناسب تجربه ياددهند بايد براي يادگيرنده روشن باشد • « آگاه كردن » يادگيرنده مهم است

2. ويژگيهاي يادگيري • يادگيري . . . • ايجاد يك تغيير در رفتار يادگيرنده است • نسبتاً دائمي و در عين حال تدريجي ، قابل انطباق و انتخابي است • اين تغيير در نتيجه تمرين و تكرار و تجربه به وجود مي آيد . • بطور مستقيم قابل رويت نيست

3. شرايط لازم براي تسهيل يادگيري • ..... جوي كه • اشخاص را به فعال بودن تشويق كند • ماهيت فردي يادگيري را تاكيد نمايد • بپذيرد كه وجود تفاوت خوب است • حق اشتباه كردن را براي افراد قائل باشد • نقص را تحمل نمايد • صراحت درباره خود و اطمينان به خود را تشويق كند • احساس محترم بودن و مورد قبول قرار گرفتن را در افراد ايجاد نمايد • كشف مطالب را آسان كند • بر ارزشيابي از خود درهمكاريها تاكيد كند • برخورد عقايد را ممكن سازد

4. Hear and Forget See and Remember… Do and Understand”

5. Pedagogy, Andragogy, and Heutagogy

6. Pedagogy and Andragogy What’s the Difference?

7. Adult Learning • The central question of how adults learn has occupied the attention of scholars and practitioners since the founding of adult education as a professional field of practice in the 1920s. • Some eighty years later, we have no single answer, no one theory or model of adult learning that explains all that we know about adult learners, the various contexts where learning takes place, and the process of learning itself.

8. Adult Learning • What we do have is a mosaic of theories, models, sets of principles, and explanations that, combined, compose the knowledge base of adult learning. • Two important pieces of that mosaic are andragogy and self-directed learning.

9. Adult Learning • The first book to report the results of research on this topic, Thorndike, Bregman, Tilton, and Woodyard’s Adult Learning (1928), was published just two years after the founding of adult education as a professional field of practice.

10. Adult Learning • Lorge focused on adults’ ability to learn rather than on the speed or rate of learning (that is, when time pressure was removed), adults up to age seventy did as well as younger adults. • Today it is recognized that adults score better on some aspects of intelligence as they age and worse on others, resulting in a fairly stable composite measure of intelligence until very old age (Schaie and Willis, 1986).

11. Andragogy • In 1968, Malcolm Knowles proposed “a new label and a new technology” of adult learning to distinguish it from pre-adult schooling

12. Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles) • Andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn: • Adults desire and enact a tendency toward self-directedness as they mature • Adults’ experiences are a rich resource for learning. They learn more effectively through experimental activities such as problem solving • Adults are aware of specific learning needs generated by real life • Adults are competency-based learners who wish to apply knowledge to immediate circumstances • A climate of mutual respect is most important for learning: trust, support, and caring are essential components. Learning is pleasant and this should be emphasized

13. Principles of adult learning • Autonomous and self- directed • Life experiences and knowledge • Goal- oriented • Relevancy- oriented • Practical • Respect

14. Adult Education is more effective when it is experience centered, related to learner’s real needs and directed by learners themselves.

15. The learner is dependent upon the instructor for all learning The teacher/instructor assumes full responsibility for what is taught and how it is learned. The teacher/instructor evaluates learning The learner is self-directed The learner is responsible for his/her own learning Self-evaluation is characteristic of this approach The Learner Pedagogical Andragogical

16. The learner comes to the activity with little experience that could be tapped as a resource for learning The experience of the instructor is most influential Learner brings a greater volume and quality of experience Adults are a rich resource for one another Different experiences assure diversity in groups of adults Experience becomes the source of self-identify Role of the Learner’s Experience Pedagogical Andragogical

17. Students are told what they have to learn in order to advance to the next level of mastery Any change is likely to trigger a readiness to learn The need to know in order to perform more effectively in some aspect of one’s life Ability to assess gaps between where one is now and where one wants and needs to be Readiness to Learn Pedagogical Andragogical

18. Learning is a process of acquiring prescribed subject matter Content units are sequenced according to the logic of the subject matter Learners want to perform a task, solve a problem, live in a more satisfying way Learning must have relevance to real-life tasks Learning is organized around life/work situations rather than subject matter units Orientation to Learning Pedagogical Andragogical

19. Primarily motivated by external pressures, competition for grades, and the consequences of failure Internal motivators: selfesteem, recognition, better quality of life, self-confidence, self-actualization Motivation for Learning Pedagogical Andragogical

20. Andragogy vs. Adult Learning • Knowles revise his thinking as to whether andragogy was just for adults and pedagogy just for children. • Between 1970 and 1980 he moved from an andragogy versus pedagogy position to representing them on a continuum ranging from teacher-directed to student-directed learning.

21. From Pedagogy to Heutagogy

22. It is thirty years since Knowles introduced us to the concept of andragogy as a new way of approaching adult education. • Much in the world has changed since that time, and we all know that the rate of change seems to increase every year.

23. Heutagogy • Heutagogy, the study of self-determined learning, may be viewed as a natural progression from earlier educational methodologies – in particular from capability development.

24. Heutagogy • The concept of truly self-determined learning, called heutagogy, builds on humanistic theory and approaches to learning described in the 1950s. • It is suggested that heutagogy is appropriate to the needs of learners in the workplace in the twenty-first century, particularly in the development of individual capability.

25. The need for Heutagogy • This revolution recognizes the changed world in which we live. A world in which: • information is readily and easily accessible; • change is so rapid that traditional methods of training and education are totally inadequate; • discipline-based knowledge is inappropriate to prepare for living in modern communities and workplaces; • learning is increasingly aligned with what we do; • modern organizational structures require flexible learning practices • There is a need for immediacy of learning.

26. A heutagogical approach recognizes the need to be flexible in the learning, • where the teacher provides resources but the learner designs the actual course he or she might take by negotiating the learning. • Thus learners might read around critical issues or questions and determine what is of interest and relevance to them and then negotiate further reading and assessment tasks. • With respect to the latter, assessment becomes more of a learning experience rather than a means to measure attainment.

27. As teachers we should concern ourselves with developing the learner’s capability, not just embedding discipline-based skills and knowledge. • We should relinquish any power we deem ourselves to have.