Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft and Peter Steen Mikkelsen (project coordinator) and many more

1. Source Control Options for ReducingEmissions of Priority Pollutants(from Urban Areas) Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft and Peter Steen Mikkelsen (project coordinator) and many more Technical University of Denmark DTU Environment Kick-off meeting of the drafting group on emissions DG ENV Brussels, 24 February 2009

2. A Specific Targeted Research Project (STREP) Funded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme (4th Call), sub-priority 1.1.6.3 ”Global Change and Ecosystems” Duration: 1 Oct 2006 + 36 (+6?) months Budget: 3.6 M EUR, 2.6 M EUR from the EC 9 partners 4 case cities www.scorepp.eu The ScorePP project

3. Main ScorePP objectives Develop comprehensive and appropriate source control strategies that authorities, cities, water utilities and chemical industry can employ to reduce emissions of priority pollutants from urban areas

4. D+T D+T T +T T D+T The ScorePP approach Example: Combined system: • Limiting release through: • Substitution • Minimising release from products • Legislation and regulations • Voluntary use reductions R+T • Treatment options: • Stormwater BMPs • Household treatment & reuse of WW • On-site industrial treatment • WWTPs • Sludge disposal T O • Sinks: • Primary: Surface water (WFD) • Secondary: Sediments, • soils/gr., water, humans, ... ELV ...   EQS ... 

5. Now! Project plan Advisory board, PPRIS Case studies Establishing technical-scientific facts +6 GIS, models, monitoring Socio-economic and integrated analyses

6. Substances selected for further work – I

7. Substances selected for further work - II

8. Stormwater runoff concentrations vs surface water quality criteria Compilation by Eva Eriksson, DTU Environment

10. Source characterisation based on “Emission Strings” • ”Emission Strings” combine three classification codes • CAS #: unique identification of each substance • NOSE-P: unique identification of emission processes • NACE: unique identification of specific economic activities related with each emission process • ES_Type: a ScorePP defined urban structure descriptor • This approach will potentially allow data to be obtained from Eurostat, and extrapolation to the whole of Europe should be possible => GIS !

11. Example of Emission Strings: – Paint on a wall (PPs of relevance: pesticides and solvents) Wall  Evaporation  Production Application Paint CAS#NACENOSE-PES_Type Spillage, cleaning of brushes, waste ”Leaching” Leaching from paint is a long-term process, which happens intermittently => ”Release patterns” and ”release factors” are developed !

12. Number of ESs for each PP(ab 900 ESs in total)

13. Number of ESs as a function of urban structure

15. Voluntary initiatives to reduce releases of PPs • Industrial voluntary agreements and initiatives • Municipal voluntary initiatives • Green procurement • Information campaigns ScorePP report by Wickman, Lecloux and Scholes

16. Industrial voluntary agreements and initiatives • Reduce environmental releases, chlorinated organic compounds • Phase out certain additives, e.g. Cd, bisphenol A • Avoid restricted hazardous substances (RoHS) or limit their content in products, e.g. Pb, Hg, PBDE, phthalates • Voluntary agreement is more realistic, though there is a poor confidence from the public • Establish external audit (e.g. OSPAR) to ensure compliance with the agreement ScorePP report by Wickman, Lecloux and Scholes

17. Municipal voluntary initiatives • Environmentally friendly planning of new city areas • Avoid certain materials in order to reduce leaching of unwanted substances • Separated sewer systems to improve quality of wastewater and sludge • Advice inhabitants not to use certain products with unwanted substances, e.g. LAS and triclosan • Follow-up information campaigns are needed • Good and simple solutions improved compliance • Simple information (what to do, why and consequences) • Feed back ScorePP report by Wickman, Lecloux and Scholes

18. Green procurementThe Mayor of London’s Green Procurement Code • Avoid buying unnecessary products • Select recyclable products • Consider environmental credentials of suppliers • This promotes environmental considerations in all stages of procurement • Companies are offered practical advices to integrate environmental considerations ScorePP report by Wickman, Lecloux and Scholes

19. Information campaigns • Excessive release of phosphate can lead to algal bloom • Phosphate containing detergents are not necessary in an area with soft water • Awareness was improved, but shopping habits was not changed • Visit at art schools, and paint retailers with information about Cd and its effect on humans • Amount of sold paint containing Cd decreased • Cd concentrations in sludge at WWTPs decreased ScorePP report by Wickman, Lecloux and Scholes

20. Summary on voluntary initiatives • Help companies to establish external audit to show compliance with agreements • When new city areas are build, encourage environmentally friendly construction and involve inhabitants • Encourage green procurement to change mentality in a long-term perspective • Conduct public information campaigns to increase awareness to make behavioural changes • Often one initiative involves several others; e.g. recycling needs information, behavioural changes needs education and information ScorePP report by Wickman, Lecloux and Scholes

22. Integrated urban catchment modelling SOURCES Boundaries of the urban system RELEASE Soil / Groundwater WWTP Treatment options Septic tank Activated sludge Fate models technosphere Air Stormwater BMPs on-line sludge treatment biofilters Physical-chemical treatment Sludge Lagoon/pond SURFACE WATER Sediments Water Fate models environment Air

23. Multimedia modelling(to deal with PP transport across the urban system boundary) River basin Urban release Volatilisation + PP Release Deposition Urban catchment (dynamic) Atmosphere Sludge application BMPs WWPT Agricultural soil Runoff PP Release River Upstream river stretch Leaching Leaching Groundwater 23

24. Next steps in ScorePP • Analyse and synthesize information • Identify the most important sources • Determine what control options are promising (at source as well as end-of-pipe treatment, ”soft” as well as ”hard”) • Further delop technology (e.g. models) • Map out conditions in case cities, results of monitoring • Define ”semi-hypothetical case city archetypes” • Define and analyse emission control strategies, i.e. • Combination of several control options that work across a range of PPs • Realistic temporal evolution • Quantitative assessment – do we reach the (?) goals • Multi-criteria assessment – costs, related impacts • Interact with external stakeholders (Advisory Board) • Conclude

26. Emission Control Strategies for “semi-hypothetical case city archetypes” • Emission control strategies • Trends and prospects – case city 2025 • Urban system • Economical • Social • Stakeholder involvement • Technical • Urbanisation (% impermeable surfaces, housing density etc) • Industrialisation (%: heavy & light industry, white-collar business, agriculture etc) • Logistics (types and amounts of transport) • Government, legislature • Non-governmental organisations, voluntary initiatives • Resources (raw materials, refinement) • Economics: GNP, Gini coefficient • Social: Human Development Index (HDI) • Public/private waterworks and wastewater treatment plants • Geographical system • Climate • Environmental • Size (area, population, density) • Climate (inland/coastal; southern/northern) • Water resources (groundwater, surface water, desalination) Emission control strategies Urban system Geographical system

28. Presented today • Source characterisation tool • Voluntary initiatives for reducing releases of PPs • Model concept to quantify releases and environmental concentrations • Final output will also be strategies to control emissions (based on semi-hypothetical case cities) ScorePP report by Wickman, Lecloux and Scholes

29. ScorePP partners and key persons • Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering (DTU) • P.S. Mikkelsen, H.-C. Holten Lützhøft, E. Eriksson, L. Vezzaro, H. Birch, A. Ledin, B.K. Rasmussen • Middlesex University, School of Health and Social Sciences (MU) • Mike Revitt, Lian Scholes, Erica Donner, C. Viavattene, L. Raggatt • Gent University, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Biometrics and Process Control (UGent) • F. Verdonck, L. Benedetti, V. Gevaert, W. De Keyser • Anjou Recherge, Municipal Wastewater Department (AR) • E. Trouve, L. Castillo, K. Seriko. P. Boisson, J. Lang • ENVICAT Consulting (ENVICAT) • A. Lecloux • University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodedic Engineering (UL) • B. Kompare, P. Banovec, N. Atanasova. M. Cerk • Dosenvolupament i Societat ESTUDIS SA (ESTUDIS) • C. Bessat, J. Trouve, F. David, M. Dédéwanou • Stockholm City, Envionmental Monitoring (MF) • A. Jamtrot , M. Petterson, T. Wickman • Université Laval, Département Génie Civil, modelEAU (modelEAU) • P. Vanrolleghem, L. Rieger

30. Partners and case study cities Partners: • DTU, Denmark • MU, UK • UGent, Belgium • AR, France • ENVICAT, Belgium • UL, Slovenia • ESTUDIS, Spain • MF, Sweden • modelEAU, Canada Case cities: • Stockholm, Sweden • St. Malo, France • Prague, Czech Republic • Quebec, Canada • St. Sebastian, Spain

31. Process model example: Stormwater BMP(fate prediction based on inherent properties) TSSin TSSout sorbed PPout PPin dissolved Resuspension (particles and PP sorbed to it) Infiltrated flow + sorbed to particles Settling Sediment layer To groundwater

32. Example of source mapping