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Weight Management

Weight Management. Chapter 14. Health Risks Associated with Excess Body Fat. Obesity Is associated with: Unhealthy cholesterol and TG levels Impaired heart function CVD Hypertension Cancer Impaired immune function Gallbladder and kidney disease Skin problems

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Weight Management

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  1. Weight Management Chapter 14

  2. Health Risks Associated with Excess Body Fat • Obesity Is associated with: • Unhealthy cholesterol and TG levels • Impaired heart function • CVD • Hypertension • Cancer • Impaired immune function • Gallbladder and kidney disease • Skin problems • Impotence, sleep disorder back pain, arthritis • Type II diabetes (strong association)

  3. Body Fat • Visceral Fat • Fat surrounding organs (within abdomen) • Subcutaneous Fat • Fat just below the skin; not as hazardous to your health • Percent Body Fat • Definition: Proportion of the body’s total weight that is fat • Average for Women: 25-31% • Average for Men: 18-24%

  4. Evaluating Body Weight and Body Composition • Methods for Evaluating Obesity • Body Mass Index (BMI): A measure of body weight that is useful for classifying the health risks of body weight (weight-to-height standard) • Calculated by the following equation: (Weight in pounds /2.2) (Height in inches x0.0254)squared • 18.6 - 24.9 = healthy • 25-30 =overweight • Over 30 = obese

  5. Methods of Determining Percent Body Fat • Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing • Most accurate • Lean tissue is more dense than water; Fat tissue is less dense than water. • Therefore a person with more body fat will weigh less underwater and be more buoyant • Skinfold measurements • Measures thickness of fat under the skin • Electrical Impedance Analysis • Electricity prefers lean tissue and thus travels faster through it

  6. Energy Balance • Energy balance equation: • Energy in = caloric intake from food • Energy out = caloric expenditure • Resting metabolism • Digestion • Physical activity • When energy in = energy out Maintain weight • Calories > Energy out positive energy balance (Gain weight over time) • Calories < Energy out negative energy balance (Lose weight over time)

  7. Body Fat distribution and Health • Apples • Store fat in abdominal area • Increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, early-onset heart disease, stroke, cancer • Pears • Store fat in hips, buttocks, thighs • Assessed by measuring waist circumference • > 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women is considered a risk • There is also WHR to consider (waist to hip ratio)

  8. Problems Associated with Very Low Levels of Body Fat • Low % body fat has been linked to problems with the Reproductive, Circulatory, & Immune systems • Female Athlete Triad • Abnormal eating patterns • Amenorrhea • Decreased bone density

  9. Factors Contributing To Excess Body Fat • Genetic Factors • Genes influence body size, shape fat distribution • 300 genes have been linked to obesity • Physiological Factors • Metabolism • Low BMR/RMR = Basal/Resting Metabolic Rate (number of calories you'd burn if you stayed in bed all day) • Hypothyroidism= low thyroid activity • Hormones • Leptin – satiety hormone

  10. Factors Contributing To Excess Body Fat • Lifestyle Factors • Eating • Easy access to high calorie foods • Eating out of proportion • Physical Activity • Reduced • Psychosocial factors • Emotions • Coping strategies

  11. Psychological Problems associated with weight • Body Image • Severe body image problems like Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can exist

  12. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa - Failure to eat enough food to maintain a reasonable body weight • Characteristics • Fear gaining weight, distorted self-image, compulsive behaviors and rituals, excessive exercise • Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa • amenorrhea • Intolerant of cold • Low blood pressure and heart rate • Depression and suicide • Medical complications • Disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems

  13. Eating Disorders • Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging • Characteristics: • Rapid food consumption, followed by purging; feels ashamed afterwards, disgusted, physically and emotionally drained. • Health Risks: • Erodes tooth enamel • Cardiac arrhythmia • Esophageal tearing • Rupture of the stomach • Menstrual problems • Increased depression

  14. Eating Disorders • Binge-Eating - Similar to Bulimia without purging behavior. • Characteristics • Eating patterns - very rapid, eating until uncomfortably full. • Often eat as a way of coping. • Likely to be obese. • High rates of depression and anxiety

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